Final Exam Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following is not a characteristic common to all living things?
A
Capturing energy via photosynthesis
2
Q
After spending an hour working outside in hot, sunny weather, a person typically perspires and will need to drink water. This is apart of ______
A
Maintaining homeostasis
3
Q
In order to distinguish a living organism from a non-living organism, what must be true of the living organism? The living organism consists of…
A
One or more cells
4
Q
The results of a dehydration synthesis reaction can be reversed by…
A
A hydrolysis reaction
5
Q
Fatty acids with double bonds between shoe of their carbons are said to be…
A
Unsaturated
6
Q
The storage form of carbohydrates is _____ in animals and _____ in plants
A
Glycogen … starch
7
Q
The building block of a phospholipid is an amino acid (True or False)
A
False
8
Q
Base pairs are CG and AT in DNA (True or False)
A
True
9
Q
Glucose molecules are to starch as ____ are to proteins
A
Amino acids
10
Q
Table salt (NaCl) is formed when…
A
Sodium donates an electron to chlorine
11
Q
Peptide bonds…
A
Link amino acids
12
Q
The primary structure of a protein is…
A
The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain
13
Q
Hydrohobic substances such as vegetable oil are…
A
Nonpolar substances that repel water
14
Q
Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated above?
A
It is a saturated fatty acid and it contains a carboxyl group
15
Q
If a covalent bond is polar…
A
Due to the unequal sharing of electrons, one of the atoms has a partial negitive charge
16
Q
What is the correct sequence of events with regard to the flow of genetic material?
A
DNA -> RNA -> protein
17
Q
What is a gene?
A
A monomer of a protein and part of the DNA
18
Q
Which of the following contains a carboxyl group and an amino group
A
Amino acids
19
Q
What kind of bond joins monomers to form a polymer?
A
Covalent bonds
20
Q
An ecosystem would include all of the following except…
A
A biosphere
21
Q
Based on your knowledge of polarity of water molecules, the solute particle in the figure to the right is most likely…
A
Positively charged
22
Q
Glucose contains…
A
Potential energy
23
Q
ATP releases energy when ____
A
A phosphate is removed
24
Q
A child is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107*F. Doctors immediately order an ice bath to lower the child’s temp. Which of the following statements offers the most logical explanation for this action?
A
Elevated body temps may denature enzymes. This woul interfere with the cell’s abilities to catalyze various reactions
25
You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result...
You dehydrate yourself
26
Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient?
Active transport
27
In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water, but not sucrose, to make an "artificial cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose dissolved in water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose dissolved in water. Which of the following will occur?
Water will leave the balloon
28
A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vehicle around the red blood cell. This process is called...
Phagocytosis
29
During which 2 processes of cellular respiration is CO2 produced?
Preparation reaction and Krebs cycle
30
What is the fate of the NADHs produced during glycolysis?
They are shipped to the inner mitochondrial matrix and used in the electron transport chain
31
The product of the preparatory reaction is ____
Acetyl-CoA
32
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are similar in that they both produce ___
Both NADH and ATP
33
Which of the following is a list of molecules in correct order as cellular respiration proceeds?
Glucose - pyruvate - acetyl CoA
34
The number of ATP produced during cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is _____
38
35
Which of the following processes is endergonic?
The synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water
36
A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochodria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However the muscles still function. Physicians find that...
The muscles contain large amounts of locate following even mild exercise
37
ATP is so stable that an excess of ATP is stored in cells, more than is needed at any moment in time. (True or False)
False
38
Which is the following is a result of glycolysis?
Conversion of glucose to two 3-carbon compounds
39
Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
40
Oxidation is the ____, and reduction is the ____
Loss of electrons ... Gain of electrons (Oil Rig)
41
How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?
2
42
Each FADH2 yield a maximum of ____ ATP, and each NADH yield a maximum of ____ ATP as a result of transferring pairs of electrons to the electron transport chain
2 ... 3
43
Some friend are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that...
The mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen
44
What metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
Glycolysis
45
The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is...
Oxygen
46
When electrons flow along the electron transport chain of the mitochondria, which of the following changes occur?
The ph of the matrix
47
In glycolysis, ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced
Glucose ... NAD+
48
Cyanide blocks the electron transport chain and as a result, glycolysis, the prep reactions and the Krebs cycle also stop. Why do they stop?
They all run out of NAD+
49
Glycolysis (location in cell)
Cytoplasm
50
Krebs cycle (location in cell)
Matrix of mitochondria
51
Electron transport chain (location in cell)
Cristae of the mitochondria
52
Prep reactions (location in cell)
Matrix of mitochondria
53
Diffusion (location in cell)
Plasma membrane
54
What feature is common to prokaryotes and plants?
Cell walls
55
Why does DNA associate with protein to become chromatin?
This is the only way to fit all of the DNA into the nucleus
56
Based on their function, you would expect melanocytes in the skin to have a higher than usual number of...
Ribosomes
57
The oils from the sebaceous glands is produced by which of the following organelles?
SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
58
Which of the following cell structures do not usually contain DNA?
Lysosome
59
Some proteins within a cell can be viewed with...
A light microscope
60
Intermediate filaments...
surround the nucleus and hold it in place
61
DNA replication...
Uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand
62
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?
DNA polymerase
63
Which of the following takes place during translation?
The conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins
64
Which of the following is a function of tRNA?
Joining to only one specific type of amino acid
65
The term "gene expression" refers to the...
Process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins
66
The lac operon in E. coli...
Prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment
67
Which of the following statements regarding DNA packing is false?
Tight DNA packing tends to promote gene expression
68
RNA splicing involves the...
Removal of introns from the molecule
69
If the S phase were eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cells would...
Have half the genetic material found in the parent cell
70
Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they...
Express different genes
71
A human heart cell contains ____ chromosomes
46
72
Somatic cells produced by mitosis are diploid (True or False)
True
73
A nucleotide is composed of all of the following except...
Amino acid
74
The segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein are called...
Exons
75
The strand of DNA that encodes the RNA molecule during transcription is the...
Template strand
76
A DNA sequence that signals a gene's start is...
A promoter
77
In a "frameshift" mutation...
May be caused by an addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides
78
Why would it take more energy to separate the double-stranded region of DNA with the sequence GCGCGCGC than a region with the sequence ATATATAT?
GC base pairs form more hydrogen bonds
79
The 3' and 5' designations refer to the numbers that chemists assign to the...
Carbon atoms in the nitrogen bases
80
A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to...
Codons of mRNA and to amino acids
81
If you compared the DNA sequence of a gene with the sequence of the mature mRNA that was transcribed from the gene you would find...
The mRNA is shorter because it does not contain introns
82
How can a single gene encode for more than one protein?
By removing different combinations of introns
83
Of all the people who have studied inheritance, the person who made the most lasting impression on the science of genetics is...
Charles Darwin
84
A healthy young couple are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, the chance that each of their future children will inherit this serious illness is...
25%
85
Gametes may carry different combinations of alleles because of...
Crossing over and random alignment of chromosomes
86
The pea plant is a good choice for studying heredity because it...
Is easy to control which plants mate with each other
87
A monohybrid cross is a mating between 2 individuals that are both...
Heterozygous for one gene
88
A test cross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that...
Is homozygous recessive
89
To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires a person to recieve the disease causing allele from...
Both parents
90
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder. If a normal man marries a woman who is a carrier, what fraction of their sons will have hemophilia?
50%
91
In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during...
Anaphase 1
92
Darwin observed that different types of organisms were found on either side of a geographic barrier. The barrier was preventing...
Gene flow
93
How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?
1
94
Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because...
Men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed
95
A cell with 2 full sets of chromosomes would be termed a ____ cell
Diploid
96
What is the major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Genetic variability during an ecological disaster
97
(Examine diagram) Man 1 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 5,000 people. Man 2 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 10,000 people. Man 3 shares the same number of STRs as one in 3,500 people. DNA extracted from samples at the crime scene found 6 STR repeats, giving the interpretation that...
Man 2 is likely guilty, considering that he has a rare STR profile that matches crime scene samples; if he matches in any other STRs, he is most likely the suspect
98
Which of the following is transgenic?
A yeast cell that expresses a gene from a fish
99
To do PCR, a special bacterial polymerase (called TAQ polymerase) is used, why?
Because it is heats table and can withstand the high temperatures
100
What happens to an atom if the electrons in the outer shell are altered?
The charge of the atom changes
101
A(n) ____ forms when 2 atoms share electrons
Covalent bond
102
How many covalent bonds can hydrogen form?
1
103
Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom is true?
Oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms
104
Which of the following option correctly pairs a polymer with its monomer?
DNA, nucleotides
105
A hydroxyl group added to a carbon skeleton does what to the carbon skeleton?
Makes it polar
106
Molecules are formed...
When atoms interact so as to complete their outer electron shells
107
To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by...
Hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose
108
What powers ATP synthase to produce ATP during chemiosmosis? (what spins the ATP synthase "turbine" so it can make ATP; where does the energy come from?)
Flow of hydrogen ions down a concentration gradient through the enzyme
109
When a cell is in a solution where the concentration of solute is the same in the cell as in the solution, the solution is called ____
Isotonic
110
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Water, carbon dioxide, ATP
111
The products of the Krebs cycle include...
CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2
112
Disease-carrying bacteria often attach to cells they attack. The bacterial structures used to aid that attachment are...
Fimbriae (pili)
113
Correct sequence for an protein that is secreted (sent out) from the cell
RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane
114
Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function, as a result, the rate of...
ATP synthesis decreases
115
The function of a chloroplast is...
Cellular respiration
116
Where do the vesicles originate that are involved in secretion (moving things out of the cell)?
Golgi apparatus
117
3 basic shapes of bacteria are...
Bacillus, cocci, spirilli
118
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for the plasma membrane get to the plasma membrane?
Along microtubules
119
The preparatory reaction occurs ____ for every glucose molecule
twice
120
A mutant eukaryotic cell is found in which one mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?
Electron transport chain
121
The mitochondria cristae are an adaptation that...
Increases the surface area of the inner mitochondria membrane, making space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes
122
Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to...
The presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells
