Lab Final Practicum

Question 1

fertilization

Answer 1

union of 2 gametes

Question 2

zygote

Answer 2

The fused egg and sperm that develops into a diploid individual

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

Genetic material consisting of a double helix of nucleotides

Question 4

chromosome

Answer 4

organized structure of DNA and protein

Question 5

mitosis

Answer 5

the process by which cells divide for growth, maintenance, repair, and asexual reproduction (nuclear division)

Question 6

cytokinesis

Answer 6

cytoplasmic division

Question 7

homologous chromosomes

Answer 7

have genes for the same traits in the same order, but are not identical

Question 8

duplicated chromosome

Answer 8

2 attached identical sister chromatids

Question 9

sister chromatids

Answer 9

2 identical strands of chromosomes that are attached at the centromere

Question 10

centromere

Answer 10

attaches 2 sister chromatids to each other in a duplicated chromosome

Question 11

meiosis

Answer 11

the process by which sexually reproducing organisms generate gametes (sperm and egg)

Question 12

diploid

Answer 12

somatic cells of most organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (2n)

Question 13

haploid

Answer 13

cells produced my meiosis have unpaired chromosomes because the chromosome number have been reduced by half (n)

Question 14

synapsis

Answer 14

duplicated chromosomes align side-by-side

Question 15

crossing over

Answer 15

when segments of non sister chromatids may be exchanged

Question 16

gamete

Answer 16

a sex cell (sperm or egg)

Question 17

evolution

Answer 17

the process that results in changes in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms through time

Question 18

natural selection

Answer 18

difference in survival and reproduction that occurs among individuals of a population that differ in one or more traits

Question 19

population

Answer 19

a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area

Question 20

species

Answer 20

one or more populations that closely resemble each other, interbreed under natural conditions, and produce fertile offspring

Question 21

fitness

Answer 21

an organism’s contribution to the next generation’s gene pool

Question 22

homology

Answer 22

homologous structures that come from a common ancestor, therefore have the same structure

Question 23

analogy

Answer 23

analogous structures serve same function between organisms but are different in internal anatomy

Question 24

vestigial

Answer 24

vestigial structures are often remnants of structures found in ancestral species and may also provide clues to evolutionary history

Question 25

genome

Answer 25

all genetic material in an organism

Question 26

cladogram

Answer 26

treelike diagram used to illistrate evolutionary relationships among organisms, looking at bigger picture (species)

Question 27

RNA

Answer 27

nucleic acid typically consisting of a single strand of nucleotides

Question 28

nucleotide

Answer 28

building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5 carbon sugar

Question 29

replication

Answer 29

before a cell can divide it must copy its DNA

Question 30

transcription

Answer 30

production of RNA using DNA as a template (DNA -> RNA)

Question 31

translation

Answer 31

assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA (mRNA -> protein)

Question 32

codon

Answer 32

a triplet of mRNA bases that specifies a particular amino acid

Question 33

gene

Answer 33

sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule

Question 34

DNA vs. RNA

Answer 34

DNA - genetic material - nucleic acid - organized into functional units called genes (instructions) RNA - nucleic acid, produced in nucleus, used in cytoplasm, exits through nuclear pores - mRNA- intermediary to DNA and carries the information for the amino acid sequence of a protein - tRNA- transfer - rRNA- ribosome - RNA polymerase - enzyme that catalyzes the reaction - helps find correct RNA base pair

Question 35

allele

Answer 35

difference versions of the same gene

Question 36

true-breeding

Answer 36

always producing offspring identical to the parent for one or more traits (homozygous)

Question 37

hybrid

Answer 37

carrying 2 different alleles of the same gene

Question 38

homozygous

Answer 38

have 2 copies of that allele

Question 39

heterozygous

Answer 39

have 2 different alleles for a single gene

Question 40

genotype

Answer 40

gene or genes that influence a phenotypic trait

Question 41

phenotype

Answer 41

all physical and behavioral traits that constitute an individual

Question 42

recessive

Answer 42

phenotype of recessive alleles are masked by dominate ones

Question 43

complete dominance

Answer 43

dominant allele completely masks the expression or effect of the recessive allele

Question 44

incomplete dominance

Answer 44

when an expression of some genes result in 3 phenotypes (ex- red+white=pink)

Question 45

co-dominance

Answer 45

2 traits both appear in heterozygous offspring (ex- red cow+white cow=red & white cow)

Question 46

multiple alleles

Answer 46

gene exists in 3 alternate forms, 2 alleles are co-dominant (ex- blood types)

Question 47

sex-linked

Answer 47

genes located on the sex chromosomes

Question 48

test crosses

Answer 48

a mating of an individual of unknown genotype to a homozygous recessive individual to reveal the unknown genotype