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Biology 1401 > Lab Midterm Practical > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Practical Flashcards

1
Q

light microscopes

A

microscopes that operate by visible light from the sun or other artificial light source

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2
Q

magnification

A

the amount that the image of an object is enlarged

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3
Q

resolving power

A

the extent to which object detail in an image is preserved during the magnification process

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4
Q

contrast

A

the degree to which image details stand out against their background

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5
Q

condenser

A

(with condenser lens and iris diaphragm) focuses the light source on the specimen so that each of its points is evenly illuminated

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6
Q

field of view

A

circle of light you see when looking into the microscope

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7
Q

parfocal

A

once a lower power objective has been focused, you may move to a higher objective and the image will remain in course focus

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8
Q

parcentral

A

the center of the field of view remains about the same for each objective

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9
Q

purpose of “e” slide

A

show image orientation

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10
Q

purpose of the crossed thread slide

A

show depth of field

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11
Q

purpose of the wet mount of onion skin

A

show contrast

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12
Q

depth of field

A

distance through which you can move the specimen and still have it remain in focus

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13
Q

macromolecule

A

large organic molecules of which all cells are made

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14
Q

carbohydrate

A

simple sugar or a larger molecule composed of multiple sugar units

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15
Q

monosaccharide

A

single sugar molecule

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16
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides

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17
Q

polysaccharide

A

more than 2 monosaccharides, resulting in large carbohydrate molecule

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18
Q

lipid

A

oily or greasy compounds insoluble in water, but dissolvable in non polar solvents (ex- ether or chloroform)

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19
Q

protein

A

does everything

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20
Q

amino acid

A

chains of proteins

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21
Q

3 principals of cell theory

A

1) all organisms are composed of one or more cells; 2) the cell is the basic living unit of organization; 3) all cells arise from preexisting cells

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22
Q

cell

A

what all living organisms are made up of

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23
Q

prokaryotic

A
  • lacks nucleus
  • only has the 4 basic characteristics
  • all have a cell wall
  • some have
    • capsule
    • flagella
    • pili (for attachment)
  • ex) bacteria
  • ancient (first cells)
  • small
24
Q

eukaryotic

A
  • has nucleus (where DNA is stored)
  • have internal compartments
    • organelles (membrane bound)
      • mitochondria- “power house” (makes energy)
      • ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
        • SER- synthesize lipids
        • RER- fold proteins
      • golgi- recieve folded proteins and lipid and sends them throughout cell
      • lysosome- “stomach”
  • bigger than prokaryotic
  • animal and plant
25
Q

nucleus

A

where genetic material is stored

26
Q

organelle

A

membrane-bound compartments specialized to preform specific functions

27
Q

3 structural features all eukaryotic cells have (functions)

A

plasma membrane- boundary of the cell
DNA- stores genetic information
cytoplasm- everything inside cell that is not part of the DNA region

28
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside cell that is not part of the DNA region

29
Q

ribosomes

A

protein factory

30
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

synthesize lipids

31
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

folds proteins

32
Q

mitochondria

A

“power house” (makes energy)

33
Q

golgi body

A

receives lipids and proteins and sends them throughout cell

34
Q

lysosomes

A

“stomach”

35
Q

cell wall

A

protects cell and holds shape

36
Q

chloroplast

A

needed for photosynthesis

37
Q

vacuole

A

stores excess

38
Q

solution

A

combination of a solvent and dissolved solute

39
Q

solute

A

substance dissolved in water

40
Q

solvent

A

dissolvable in water

41
Q

selective permeability

A

allows some substances to move easily while restricting others

42
Q

diffusion

A

movement of solute molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

43
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across selectively permeable membranes

44
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration of like molecules in 2 regions

45
Q

equilibrium

A

when the concentration of solvent and solute molecules became equally distributed, the gradient ceasing to exist

46
Q

plasmolyze/hypertonic

A

when a cell loses all water (shrivels up)

47
Q

turgid/hypotonic

A

when a cell swells because of water moving into it

48
Q

purpose of Lugol’s iodine

A

turns black in presence of starch

49
Q

purpose of phenolphthalein

A

clear, turns pink in presence of basic (alkaline) substances

50
Q

catalyst

A

substance that lowers the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed

51
Q

enzyme

A

proteins that function as biological catalysts

52
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed

53
Q

substrate

A

the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction; combine with enzyme molecules to form a temporary enzyme-substrate complex

54
Q

product

A

formed from enzyme-substrate complex (in addition to the released unchanged enzyme molecule)

55
Q

active site

A

where the substrate binds to the enzyme

56
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

when substrate molecules combine with enzyme molecules

Biology 1401 (4 decks)

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