Lab Midterm Practical

Question 1

light microscopes

Answer 1

microscopes that operate by visible light from the sun or other artificial light source

Question 2

magnification

Answer 2

the amount that the image of an object is enlarged

Question 3

resolving power

Answer 3

the extent to which object detail in an image is preserved during the magnification process

Question 4

contrast

Answer 4

the degree to which image details stand out against their background

Question 5

condenser

Answer 5

(with condenser lens and iris diaphragm) focuses the light source on the specimen so that each of its points is evenly illuminated

Question 6

field of view

Answer 6

circle of light you see when looking into the microscope

Question 7

parfocal

Answer 7

once a lower power objective has been focused, you may move to a higher objective and the image will remain in course focus

Question 8

parcentral

Answer 8

the center of the field of view remains about the same for each objective

Question 9

purpose of “e” slide

Answer 9

show image orientation

Question 10

purpose of the crossed thread slide

Answer 10

show depth of field

Question 11

purpose of the wet mount of onion skin

Answer 11

show contrast

Question 12

depth of field

Answer 12

distance through which you can move the specimen and still have it remain in focus

Question 13

macromolecule

Answer 13

large organic molecules of which all cells are made

Question 14

carbohydrate

Answer 14

simple sugar or a larger molecule composed of multiple sugar units

Question 15

monosaccharide

Answer 15

single sugar molecule

Question 16

disaccharide

Answer 16

2 monosaccharides

Question 17

polysaccharide

Answer 17

more than 2 monosaccharides, resulting in large carbohydrate molecule

Question 18

lipid

Answer 18

oily or greasy compounds insoluble in water, but dissolvable in non polar solvents (ex- ether or chloroform)

Question 19

protein

Answer 19

does everything

Question 20

amino acid

Answer 20

chains of proteins

Question 21

3 principals of cell theory

Answer 21

1) all organisms are composed of one or more cells; 2) the cell is the basic living unit of organization; 3) all cells arise from preexisting cells

Question 22

cell

Answer 22

what all living organisms are made up of

Question 23

prokaryotic

Answer 23

• lacks nucleus
• only has the 4 basic characteristics
• all have a cell wall
• some have
  
  • capsule
  • flagella
  • pili (for attachment)
• ex) bacteria
• ancient (first cells)
• small

Question 24

eukaryotic

Answer 24

• has nucleus (where DNA is stored)
• have internal compartments
  
  • organelles (membrane bound)
    
    • mitochondria- “power house” (makes energy)
    • ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
      
      • SER- synthesize lipids
      • RER- fold proteins
    • golgi- recieve folded proteins and lipid and sends them throughout cell
    • lysosome- “stomach”
• bigger than prokaryotic
• animal and plant

Question 25

nucleus

Answer 25

where genetic material is stored

Question 26

organelle

Answer 26

membrane-bound compartments specialized to preform specific functions

Question 27

3 structural features all eukaryotic cells have (functions)

Answer 27

plasma membrane- boundary of the cell DNA- stores genetic information cytoplasm- everything inside cell that is not part of the DNA region

Question 28

cytoplasm

Answer 28

everything inside cell that is not part of the DNA region

Question 29

ribosomes

Answer 29

protein factory

Question 30

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 30

synthesize lipids

Question 31

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 31

folds proteins

Question 32

mitochondria

Answer 32

"power house" (makes energy)

Question 33

golgi body

Answer 33

receives lipids and proteins and sends them throughout cell

Question 34

lysosomes

Answer 34

"stomach"

Question 35

cell wall

Answer 35

protects cell and holds shape

Question 36

chloroplast

Answer 36

needed for photosynthesis

Question 37

vacuole

Answer 37

stores excess

Question 38

solution

Answer 38

combination of a solvent and dissolved solute

Question 39

solute

Answer 39

substance dissolved in water

Question 40

solvent

Answer 40

dissolvable in water

Question 41

selective permeability

Answer 41

allows some substances to move easily while restricting others

Question 42

diffusion

Answer 42

movement of solute molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

Question 43

osmosis

Answer 43

movement of water across selectively permeable membranes

Question 44

concentration gradient

Answer 44

difference in concentration of like molecules in 2 regions

Question 45

equilibrium

Answer 45

when the concentration of solvent and solute molecules became equally distributed, the gradient ceasing to exist

Question 46

plasmolyze/hypertonic

Answer 46

when a cell loses all water (shrivels up)

Question 47

turgid/hypotonic

Answer 47

when a cell swells because of water moving into it

Question 48

purpose of Lugol's iodine

Answer 48

turns black in presence of starch

Question 49

purpose of phenolphthalein

Answer 49

clear, turns pink in presence of basic (alkaline) substances

Question 50

catalyst

Answer 50

substance that lowers the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed

Question 51

enzyme

Answer 51

proteins that function as biological catalysts

Question 52

activation energy

Answer 52

the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed

Question 53

substrate

Answer 53

the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction; combine with enzyme molecules to form a temporary enzyme-substrate complex

Question 54

product

Answer 54

formed from enzyme-substrate complex (in addition to the released unchanged enzyme molecule)

Question 55

active site

Answer 55

where the substrate binds to the enzyme

Question 56

enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 56

when substrate molecules combine with enzyme molecules