Final exam Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
What unique are on the dairy cow on the first slide
A
the world map
2
Q
advantages of dairy farming
A
low risk
steady income
good use of forages
3
Q
disadvantages of dairy farming
A
- labor intensive many hours
- high quality labor
- high equipment investment
- profit dependent on feed and input costs
4
Q
Who is Babcock
A
scientist in 1890s
5
Q
Babcock’s help to dairy industry
A
create test to tell if milk had been watered down by measuring amount of butterfat of separated milk in 100ml glass
6
Q
Products of a dairy cow
A
milk cheese yogurt ice cream meat
7
Q
what does a dairy cow have to produce in order to produce milk
A
a calf
8
Q
male calf future
A
breeding stock
beef or veal
9
Q
female calf future
A
replacement heifer
veal
10
Q
top dairy states
A
california, wisconsin, new york, idaho, pennsylvania
11
Q
why are dairy cows produced in the north
A
cooler temperatures to increase milk production, more forages of better quality, less pests
12
Q
Cause of decrease in production in ‘08-‘09
A
the recession, farms going out of business because of it
13
Q
why didnt the rate per cow change like the other graphs did in 08-09?
A
because the rate per cow on farms that remained open was not changed by the fall of other farms
14
Q
why is fluid milk marketing very regulated, organized and priced
A
- originates when small dairies prevalent to maintain milk production in spite of economic crisis
- expensive to get into dairy so govt subsidize to protect farmers from market fluctuations
15
Q
Why has the milk price uncoupled from the subsidized price?
A
???Fewer smaller farms more large farms who can withstand market fluxuation
16
Q
Trends for cheese production
A
increasing
17
Q
trend for ice cream production
A
remain constant
18
Q
why are there more Holstein herds than other breeds
A
Significantly higher milk yield 19,324 lbs, lower fat percent (3.66%) protein percent (3.20%)
19
Q
holstein vs other breeds
A
other breeds have higher protein and fat % but lower milk yield and therefore lower herd #
20
Q
dairy management goals
A
- 20000 lbs per year
- calving interval of 13 months
- few health problems
- low calf loss
21
Q
Difference between free stall system, tie-stalls or stanchions?
A
stanchion had head grasp
free stall raised bedding area divide cows by production type so fed properly for type
22
Q
What are the different types of milking parlors
A
double herringbone parlor, parallel parlor, step up, rotary
23
Q
what type of parlor is likely to be used on large farms
A
rotary milking parlor
24
Q
how often should a cow produce a calf and be rebred
A
she should produce a cow every 12 months and be rebred within 85 days
25
why do we allow dairy cows to have a dry period?
to allow her mammary glands to rehabilitate
26
What happens to a cows body weight at peak production time (2.5 months)?
Her body weight drops drastically and levels out because she is using her stored fat to make milk
27
Body condition score
subjeuctive evaluation of how fat a cow is
28
what BCS do cows have at different lactation cycle stages
Calving= 3.5
peak lactation = 2.0
midlactation= 2.5
start of dry period= 3.5
29
What is a TMR diet
total mixed rations (all rations mixed together)
30
dairy cow % forgaes
high producing cows: 50
| dry cow: 60%
31
what are two factors that increase water consumption
DM/sodium intake
| mean min temp
32
However, why are approximately 30% of the calves born each year progeny of first-calf heifers? What does that say about longevity in the herd and culling rate?
High culling rate, 30% slaughtered each year, longevity 3 years because how hard pushed to produce
33
Environmental factors that influence productivity
```
equipment & housing
management & care
nutrition
disease
injury
stress
```
34
poikilotherms
do not regulate their body temperature well
| fish, young animals esp. poultry
35
homeotherms
all mammals and birds maintain homeostasis
| heat produced = heat lost
36
LCT
Lower critical temperature
| temp below which the animal must increase metabolic heat to maintain normal body temperature
37
UCT
Upper critical temperature
| -temp above which animals must work to lower body temp
38
does a species have a constant TNZ, LCT and UTC at each stage of its life?
It varies at each stage of life but it is not constant throughout their life
39
what stages of life is the animal most sensitive to high and low temperatures
very old and young animals as well as malnourished and sick animals
40
4 methods of heat exchange
radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation
41
radiation
exchange between 2 objects that are not touching
| sun or shade or heater
42
conduction
exchange between two objects that are touching: warm to cold
| lying on surface or huddling together
43
convection
from warm to cooler area by air movement
| breeze or fan
44
evaporation
loss of heat through removal of moisture
| ponds misters, rain, snow
45
short term response to decreasing temperatures
Vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels, piloerection of hairs
- reduce surface area (grouping)
- increase food intake
- seek shelter
- increase physical activity
- seek sun
46
long term response to decreasing temperatures
increasing body insulation- adipose fat coat thickness
| -increasing metabolic rate
47
long term respose to increase temperatures
decrease body insulation- shedding
48
short term response to increasing temperatures
vasodilatation of peripheral vessels
increase surface area (stretched position)
increase evaporative cooling (sweating and panting)
reduce feed intake
reduce activity
49
2 hormones involved in regulating Basal metabolic rate
thyroxine and corticoid steroids (adrenal)
| lower both in hot weather
50
camel heat adaptations
```
humps of fat
lips thick to eat prickly plants
nostrils can be closed
2 rows of long eyelashes
feed broad and flat with pads
```
51
reindeer adaptations
- enlarge nasal turbinate bone to increase surface area- warm & condense
- hooves adapted to season (hard in winter)
- coat has 2 layers
52
Sustainable animal management
- able to continue in to the future
- lifestyle choices and quality of human life
- economically viable
- environmentally balenced
- animal wellbeing is protected
53
AFO
animal feed operations not regulated
54
CAFO
concentrated animal feeding operations
55
intensive vs extensive sustainable?
Depends on how you frame it, intensive concentrated animal use bring in lots of products send products far, extensive more efficient not as productive but can’t feed world in future
56
disease
illness or malady that impairs normal body health
57
infectious disease
cuased by microscopic germs
58
causes of diseases
```
viruses
prion
bacteria
fungi
protozoa
internal and external parasites
```
59
which 2 pathogens need a host to reproduce
viruses and prions
60
infectious disease
defined as something that is capable of causing an infection in the body (bacteria or virus)
tetanus, flu
61
contagious
infectious agent that may be more readily transmitted from one individual to another
62
host defenses against pathogens
```
skin
cilia in lungs
stomach
intestinal antimichrobial secretions
commensal microbiota
mucosal epithelium
immune system
```
63
last resort for when pathogen enters blood stream
innate immune system
64
innate immune system
-fast acting component of immune system
-cause inflammation
complement system and leukocytes
65
adaptive immune system
immunological memory
| slower acting component
66
active immunity
produced by the animals body
67
passive immunity
acquired by colostrum or by injection
68
types of leukocytes
phagocytic cells
mast cells
basophils
natural killer cells
69
types of lymphocytes
b cells produce antibodies
| t cells kill infected cells or send signals to regulate both immune systems
70
mechanisms of microbes entering hosts
- secrete enzymes to overcome physical barriers
- hide within host cells to avoid immune responses
- secrete compound to alter host response
- form biofilms which protect from immune cells
- change surface molecules that immune cells recognize
- secrete enzymes to destroy immune cells
71
hygiene hypothesis
Western society too clean and newborns have no exposure to disease causing organisms and have no tolerance against pathogens
72
APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
| -ensure health care of animals and plants
73
low vs high pathogenicity
high: get sick with only a small amount of pathogen cells
low: need alot of cells to cause illness
74
Zoonotic diseases
any infectious disease that can be transmitted by from non-human animals to humans or from humans to nonhumans
75
nutritional diseases
low level of a nutrient
impaired absorption
abnormal requirement for a nutrient
76
metabolic diseases
obesity and diabetes, intestinal diseases, ketosis in dairy cows mobilizing too much fat right after parturition
77
biggest problem facing humans
food and water insecurity
cause physical and mental retardation in children
can lead to wars and riots
78
irish potato famine
poor rely on one food source which they sold to other nations while poor starved.
79
food desert
describes a location that has limited access to healthful nutritious food in low income neighborhoods
80
% of people below poverty line
14.8 percent
81
% have very low food security
5.6%
82
overproduced commodity crops
corn wheat and soy
83
how subsidized foods from us affect local security in other countries
large influx of commodity crops in other countries means local farmers cannot compete with cheaper crops
84
causes of food waste
food production
Processing and distribution
retail
food services and households
85
north american food waste cause
consumption
86
subsaharan africa, asia and latin america cause of waste
production and handling and storage
