Final Exam Flashcards
(125 cards)
What is the most commonly prescribed medication for glaucoma?
Litanoprost
Brimaprost (same class)
What is the primary underlying cause of glaucoma?
increased IOP
When treating glaucoma, what are the 4 classes of drugs that could be effective?
Prostaglandin analog
Beta 2 antagonist
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Parasympathomimetic (muscarinic agonist, cholinesterase inhibitor)
What class is acetylcholine? Which condition can be treated by this?
parasympathomimetic -muscarinic and nicotinic agonist
-Myasthenia Gravis - increases available ACh, can produce sk. m. contraction.
What class is acyclovir?
anti-viral agent
Acyclovir inhibits which aspect of viral replication? What is special about this pharmacologic agent?
guanosine analog; incorporates into the viral DNA and inhibits further synthesis
- can cross BBB, used in herpes meningitis and encephalitis*
- although, gen. used topically for HSV 1 and 2
Albuterol, one of the most important drugs in pharmacology, is in which class? What advantage does it have over other agents in this class?
beta 2 agonist (bronchodilator)
- selective! will not produce effects on myocardium
(most asthma pts cannot tolerate tachycardia s/e)
Amiodarone is in which class and what is it’s MOA?
Class 3 anti arrhythmic
- K channel blocker
What are the two ways in which bacteria can become resistant?
- bacteria can develop beta-lactamase (enzyme against the B-lactam ring in certain antibiotic classes)
- PBP can change conformation and stop specific antibiotics from binding
Penicillins and cephalosporins both contain this specific aspect in their drug class? what does it do?
beta-lactam ring
- inhibits formation and repair of bacterial cell wall
i. e. bactericidal
How can we prevent bacteria from becoming resistant to the effects of a beta-lactam ring? which drug is this represented by?
by adding CLAVULINATE
- prevents formation of beta-lactamase
- Amoxicillin-clavulinate; Augmentin
which drug class is amphotericin B in and what is it’s MOA?
anti-mycotic agent
- MOA – binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane forming pores (pokes holes = cell death)
saved for life threatening fungal infections, IV, inexpensive.
What side effect is amphotericin B known for? How do you prevent this?
Shake and Bake
- fever, chills, N/V, renal toxicity
Pre-emptively prescribe aspirin, anti-pyretics, and anti-histamines
How do the -azoles work in regard to fungal infection?
anti-mycotic that prevent formation of ergosterol
fungal-static
Atenolol is in which drug class, what is it’s MOA?
parasympatholytic - selective beta 1 antagonist (cardio-specific)
- negative ionotrophic and chronotrophic effects i.e. reduce timing and force of contraction
What are the two ways to alter hypertensive states?
PR x CO = BP
reduce peripheral resistance (hydration [depending on cause], anti-coagulants/blood thinners)
or
reduce cardiac output (atenolol)
atrovastatin is in which class and what is its class's MOA? What is a common S/E for this drug? How do we try to alter it, although not proven by science?
statin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
S/E - myopathies
supplement with CoQ10
Atropine is in which drug class and what is it’s MOA?
parasympatholytic
MOA - muscarinic antagonist
i.e. - inhibits SLUD*
what muscarinic antagonist is used exclusively to treat respiratory illness such as: asthma and COPD?
Ipratroprium (Atrovent)
Which drug class is azithromycin in and what distinguishes this drug?
MACROLIDE antibiotic
- Z- PACK (5 day, concentration dependent course with front load on the first day)
bacteristatic
What S/E is commonly seen in the macrolides erythromycin and azithromycin? Which of the two examples exhibits lower likelihood of side-effects?
DIARRHEA
Azithromycin has less side-effects
Bethanechol is in which drug class and what is it generally used to treat?
parasympathomimetic, muscarinic agonist
used to treat paralytic bowel or paralyzed urinary bladder (i.e. causes SLUD)
Carvedilol’s class and MOA, go!
Sympathomimetic
non-selective Beta Blocker (beta 1 and 2 antagonist), selective alpha 1 antagonist
What is carvedilol used to treat?
heart failure (mild to severe) and hypertension - could prevent second MI