Final Exam Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Define aggression with examples
A
- Any verbal or physical behaviour intended to hurt someone
- Cyberbullying, abuse
2
Q
2 types of aggression
A
Instrumental aggression: - Provides a means to an end - Torture, terrorism Hostile aggression: - Driven by anger - Aim of injuring someone
3
Q
Examples of inward and outward aggression
A
- Inward: Suicide
- Outward: Direct or displaced
4
Q
Theories of aggression
A
- Biological
- Neural
- Genetic Influences
- Blood Chemistry
5
Q
Biological Theory
Is aggression an instinct?
A
- Rousseau: the “noble savage”
- Freud: death instinct (thanatos)
- Lorenz: aggression as adaptive
- Rogers: we are inherently good
6
Q
Neural influences theory
A
- No 1 spot in the brain controls aggression
- Neural systems in the brain that facilitate aggression
- Abnormal brains: Prefrontal cortext (14% less active in non-abused murderers, 15% smaller in anti-social men)
7
Q
Genetic Influences theory
A
- Aggressive can be bred (Fierce mice and placid mice, Lagerspetz 1979)
- Temperament is stable over time
8
Q
Blood chemistry theory
A
- Alcohol can unleash aggression
- 1/2 of homocide victims and 3/4 of those accused had consumed alcohol or drugs at the time of the crime
- Alcohol reduced self-awareness
- Testosterone
9
Q
Gender, Social Dominance & Aggression
A
- Men admit to more aggression than women
- In Canada, the male to female arrest rate for murder is 7 to 1; 6 to 1 for assault
- Women are slightly more likely to slap, throw something, or verbally attack another
10
Q
Frustration
A
The blocking of goal-directed behaviour (leads to aggression, withdrawal, apathy)
11
Q
Displacement
A
- Redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of frustration.
- The new target is usually a safer more socially acceptable target.
12
Q
Relative deprivation
A
The perception that you are less well off with others with whom you compare yourself.
13
Q
The learning of aggression
A
- Past experiences, social environment
- Rewards of aggression
14
Q
Social learning theory (Bandura)
A
- By observing and imitating
- Bobo dolls studies
15
Q
Environmental influences
A
Painful incidents
- Averse stimulation heightens aggression
- “An eye for an eye”
Heat and aggression
- More violent crimes in hotter weather across North America
Crowding
- Being crowded diminishes the sense of control
Arousal
16
Q
Psychological Influences
A
- Frustration
- Displacement
- Relative deprivation
17
Q
Reducing agression
- Catharsis
A
- does not occur with violence
after a war/ hockey game, venting
18
Q
Reducing aggression
- A social learning approach
A
- Reward non-aggressive behaviour (more effective than punishment of bad behaviour)
- Teach conflict resolution
- Reduce exposure to explicit violence in media (exposure creates tolerance)
19
Q
Define prejudice and give 5 examples
A
A negative attitude toward a group; typically considered the affective component of out-group bias
- Rasism
- Sexism
- SES
- Appearance
- Geograpahical
20
Q
Know the 4 Cs of peacemaking
A
- Contact
- Cooperation
- Communication
- Conciliation
21
Q
What is a stereotype?
- advantages?
- disadvantages?
A
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; cognitive component of outgroup bias
22
Q
What is discrimination?
- Racism?
- Sexism?
A
Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members; behavioural component of outgroup bias
- Racism: Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given gender.
- Sexism: Prejudical attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given gender.
23
Q
Who are we prejudiced against?
A
- Race
- Ethnicity
- Gender
- Age
- Appearance
- SES
24
Q
Is prejudice a common practice?
A
- Airport security
- tv, movies, news
- Poor neighbourhoods
- Rich neighbourhoods
- US vs THEM
25
How pervasive is prejudice?
- In 2005, five million Canadians reported being the victim of racism
- More than half of Canadians were aware of someone who had been discriminated against
- Prejudice and racism are not always overt
26
How attitudes and stereotypes contribute to gender-based prejudice and discrimination
Gender Stereotypes
- Assertiveness viewed as less becoming in female leaders
Gender Attitudes
- Car dealer study
- Lower salaries for women
- Much larger problem outside of the western world
27
Explain why people are prejudiced from a psychological point of view.
- What do we "gain" from being prejudiced?
- Counters feelings of inferiority
- May gain us social acceptance
- Increase sense of pleasure by supporting what we like and opposing what we don't
- Cover up feelings of insecurity and inner conflict
28
Explain how unequal status breeds prejudice
- once inequalities exist, prejudice helps justify economic and social disparity
- stereotypes can lead to inequality (aboriginals, new immigrants, gender)
29
Explain discrimination as self-fulfilling prophecy; victimization
- Unequal status can lead to increased crime, drug use, delinquency, homelessness
- Victimization (blaming oneself, blaming others)
30
Explain stereotype threat
- Negative stereotypes lead others to expect less of you.
- You are aware of this negative expectation and it affects your ability to do well in specific situations (cognitive toll, affects motivation)
- Positive stereotypes can boost performance
31
What is social identity and how does it contribute to our self-concept?
A person's sense of who they are based on their group
32
Explain the notion of ingroup vs outgroup and ingroup bias;
Ingroup - "Us"
Outgroup - "Them"
Ingroup Bias - Favourable bias
33
What is social identity theory
- Categorize (label)
- Identify with in groups (belonging & self-esteem)
- Compare with outgroups (favourable bias toward ingroup)
34
What is the role of conformity in prejudice & discrimination?
If prejudice is socially accepted, many people will follow the path of least resistance and conform to the norm.
35
Frustration and conflict - how do they lead to prejudice & discrimination?
- Pain and frustration (the blocking of a goal) often lead to hostility
- Displaced aggression (redirect hostility)
36
What aspects of personality can lead to prejudice & discrimination?
- Need for status, self-regard and belonging
| - Authoritarian personality
37
How does the authoritarian personality fit in?
- Submission to legitimate authority
| - Aggression towards outgroups
38
What about the need for status, self-regard and belonging (ethnocentrism)?
Ethnocentric (authoritarian tendencies)
- Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group
- Corresponding disdain for all other groups
- status is relative
- high status leads to higher self-regard
39
Categorization: what is it, how is it useful, how does it contribute to prejudice & discrimination?
- organizing the world by clustering objects into groups
- children learn through sorting information into categories
- pressed for time, tired, preoccupied, emotionally aroused, too young to appreciate diversity
40
Explain the outgroup homogeneity effect
The perception that members of the outgroup members are all alike.
- More similar to each other than ingroup members
41
Distinctiveness & attention: how do these contribute to prejudice & discrimination?
- In evaluating group members, we tend to consider extreme or vivid occurrences as being typical of the group as a whole.
- Our evaluation of outgroup members is more extreme
42
Attribution: Is it a just world?
| - Be able to explain the just-world phenomenon
- The tendency to believe the world is just and therefore people get what they deserve (and deserve what they get)
43
Self protection: what role does this play in prejudice& discrimination?
- people who are worried about disease have more negative feelings towards unfamiliar immigrant groups
- more likely to associate them with danger
44
Define conflict and be able to give or identify examples of conflict.
Why is perception important?
```
"A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals"
- civil wars
- neighbours
- drivers
- relationship conflict
- international conflict
(perceptions may or may not be accurate)
```
45
How do scientists study social dilemmas?
Laboratory games
46
Be able to explain in detail:
- The Prisoners’ Dilemma
- The Tragedy of the Common
The Prisoners' Dilemma:
- 4 possibilities (both accuse, one accuses the other stays silent, both stay silent)
The Tragedy of the Common (Garret Hardin (1968)):
- Any shared resource
- If we use the resource in moderation, it may replenish itself as quickly as it's harvested
- E.g. the Kyoto Accord
47
What is a non-zero-sum game?
"The two sides profits and losses need not add up to zero"
- Cooperation, both can win
- Competition, both can lose
48
How do we escape the trap of social dilemmas?
- Laws, small groups, obvious personal benefit
49
What is the social responsibility norm?
- The social responsibility norm (when cooperation serves the public good)
50
How does competition lead to conflict (the role of limited resources)?
Conflict often arises when racial or ethnic groups compete for limited resources
51
Describe the Muzafer Sherif’s boy scout camp study (1966) that took place in Robber’s Cave State Park. What did this study reveal about how conflict is created and sometimes resolved?
- Conflict was created due to competition (us vs them, ingroup vs outgroup)
- Sometimes resolved if everyone works together toward a common goal (water, fallen log)
52
What is meant by perceived injustice?
Perceived inequity
53
How does perceived injustice or inequity lead to conflict? Explain with examples.
"All animals/people are equal; but some animals/people are more equal than others"
- George Orwell's Animal Farm
- Average Salaries of Women Working Full Time Compared to Men
54
How can we tell (in terms of efforts & rewards) if a relationship is equitable or non-equitable?
Equitable: (group project)
- My rewards/effort EQUALS Your rewards/effort
Non-equitable: Exploitation & guilt
- My rewards/effort DON'T EQUAL Your rewards/effort
55
The roles of exploitation & guilt
My rewards/effort DON'T EQUAL Your rewards/effort
56
How do those who are exploited react?
1. Accept and justify their inferior position
2. Demand compensation
3. Retaliation
57
Why does misperception occur? Explain in terms of:
| - Self-serving bias
We accept credit for good deeds, blame bad deeds on circumstances
58
Why does misperception occur? Explain in terms of:
| - Fundamental attribution error
Each side sees the others as being evil and unreasonable
| - "oppressors" vs "terrorists"
59
Why does misperception occur? Explain in terms of:
| - Self-justification, preconceptions
- excusing of oneself or one's actions
- formed before having the evidence for its truth or usefulness
- opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their actual, privately held beliefs.
60
Why does misperception occur? Explain in terms of:
| - Mirror-image perception
- Each side makes assumptions about (misperceives) the other
| - Often both sides are making the same misperceptions
61
Know the 4 Cs of peacemaking
- Contact
- Cooperation
- Communication
- Conciliation
62
How the 4 C's of peacemaking contribute towards resolution of conflict
- Contact (roles of proximity, context, friendship)
- Cooperation (roles of common external threats, superordinate goals)
- Communication (roles of mediation, bargaining and arbitration)
- Conciliation (negotiations)
63
What is prosocial behaviour? Be able to give or identify examples of prosocial acts?
Voluntary behaviour that is carried out to benefit another person
- Giving someone money
- Lending someone your jacket
64
Why do people help? What determines whether or not we help?
| - Biological explanations (kinship, evolutionary benefits)
- Genetic explanations, social forces, learning perspective
- KIN selection: We do it for the good of the colony
- RECIPROCAL helping: We ensure survival by earning favours
65
Why do people help? What determines whether or not we help?
| - Social forces
Social norms
- Reciprocity (we should help those who help us)
- Social responsibility (we should help when others are in need)
- Social justice (should help only when others deserve it)
66
Why do people help? What determines whether or not we help?
| - Cultural differences
- norm os reciprocity appears universal
| - norm of social responsibility appears stronger in those cultures than in individualist societies.
67
Why do people help? What determines whether or not we help?
| - Learning perspective
- More likely to help if your behaviour is reinforced; less likely if you receive punishment
68
Why do people NOT help? Be able to answer this question in terms of:
- Bystander effect
- Audience inhibition effect (other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene when not an emergency)
- Diffusion of responsibility (the presence of other people makes one less personally responsible)
69
Why do people NOT help? Be able to answer this question in terms of:
- The bystander intervention model –Latané and Darley -5 step
1. Noticing (notice something unusual happening?)
2. Interpreting (Decide something is wrong and help is needed?)
3. Do you think you have responsibility to help?
4. Assuming responsibility (Know the appropriate form of help to give?)
5. Taking Action (Decide to act?)
70
Why do people NOT help? Be able to answer this question in terms of:
- Arousal-cost reward model
- Seeing an emergency is emotionally arousing for us; this is uncomfortable so we try to reduce discomfort
71
Be able to define and explain the difference between altruism vs. egoism
```
Altruistic helping:
- expecting nothing in return
- goal is to increase another's welfare
Egoistic helping:
- expecting something in return
- goal is to increase their own welfare
```
72
Know the empathy-altruism hypothesis
- Experiencing empathy for someone in need produces an altruistic motive for helping
- 2 types of reactions (personal distress, empathy)
73
Empathy-joy theory
- Motivated by the positive emotion a helper anticipates experiencing as the result of having a beneficial impact on the life of someone in need
74
Empathy-avoidance theory
- Avoid situations where our empathy will be turned on
75
What is an altruistic personality?
- Combination of dispositional variables that make an individual more likely to engage in altruistic behaviour
76
What are the personality characteristics of those who offer assistance?
- Higher empathy
- Internal locus of control
- Belief in a just world
- Socially responsible
- Low egocentrism
77
Be able to define and identify examples of media
Mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet)
- radio
- tv
- internet
- newspaper
- magazines
- dating
- pornography
- video games
78
Is there a link between pornography and violence?
- decreased attraction to one's real-life partner
- increased acceptance of extramarital sex
- increased acceptance of women's sexual submission to men
79
Does pornography contribute to aggression against women?
- may contribute
- sex offenders commonly acknowledge pornography use
- 85% of sexual assault victims are women and girls
- 1 in 4 Canadian women will be sexually assaulted in her lifetime
80
What are the effects of repeated exposure to fictional eroticism?
- has several effects
- Distorts one's perception of how women respond to sexual coercion
- Increase men's aggression against women
81
Be able to answer the following question: How does social psychology help us to understand how media affects our lives?
Does the internet create intimacy or isolation?
- a poor substitute for in-person relationships?
- way to widen our circles?
- connect people or drain time from face-to-face relationships?
82
Be able to discuss the definition of pornography in terms of
- obscenity
- pornography vs erotica
- most common connotation
- offensive or disgusting by accepted standards of morality and decency
- printed or visual material vs. literature or art intended to arouse sexual desire
- any media depiction of an overtly sexual nature
83
What is the role of the Internet in the rise of pornography (availability)?
- Porn websites represent more than 10% of all websites on the internet
- 90% of 8 to 16 year-olds have viewed online pornography
- Risk for children and teens using the internet of being victimized by sex criminals
84
How often do we watch TV?
Children aged 2-11 watch over 24 hours of TV per week, while adults aged 35-49 watch more than 33 hours, according to data from Nielsen that suggests TV time increases the older we get.
85
Does watching violence on TV make us violent?
- 6 in 10 programs contain violence
86
Are children especially vulnerable?
- by the end of elementary school, the average child views some 8,000 murders and 100,000 other violent acts
- the more violent the content of a child's TV viewing, the more aggressive the child.
87
What are television’s effects on behaviour?
1. Arousal
2. Disinhibition
3. Imitation
(Prosocial behaviour)
88
What have experiments on TV viewing told us?
- violence amplifies aggression
- violence-viewing effect on aggression surpasses the effect of passive smoking on lung cancer (Bushman & Anderson (2001))
89
What are some of the effects of the games kids play?
- increases arousal
- increases aggressive thinking
- increases aggressive feelings
- increases aggressive behaviours
- decreases prosocial behaviours
- increases physical injury
90
How is media awareness education a more helpful alternative than censorship?
- people exposed to education about how violence against women affects real women can be re-sensitized.
