Final exam Flashcards
(76 cards)
The 3 components of prejudice?
- Cognitive: beliefs about the attitude object (often stereotypes)
- Affective: strong feelings about the group (usually negative)
- Behavioural: behaving in a negative way towards group / individual (discrimination)
List the origins of prejudice.
- Parenting
- Societal norms
- Histories of conflict
- Transformative personal experiences
- Evolutionary forces
- Symbolic threats
- Practical threats
- Desire to release dominancce
- Desire to legitimise dominance
- Pseudo-science / eugenics
Discuss ‘parenting’ in relation to prejudice.
- Prejudiced people had disciplinarian parents, results in both hating and loving parents»_space; guilt and fear leads displacing hatred onto weaker others
- This view is out of vogue, but views of prejudiced parents may play a part
Discuss ‘societal norms’ in relation to prejudice.
- Prevailing view, e.g., last 20yrs has seen a change in views on SSM
Discuss ‘histories of conflict’ in relation to prejudice.
- Nations / groups with history of conflict often have prejudiced views towards each other, e.g., Japanese prejudice during WWII; slavery in Sth America
Discuss ‘transformative personal experiences’ in relation to prejudice.
- Personal experience can cause quick transformation of views; easier to recall; e.g., positive encounter with gay person changes SSM view; bad experience with Asian boss results in prejudice view to all Asians
Discuss ‘evolutionary forces’ in relation to prejudice.
- DNA has evolved to protect our tribe; innate suspicion of ‘others’ as in early times never met other races
- Smoke detector analogy: smoke detectors are extra sensitive so they don’t fail to respond to actual fire; so too humans consistently err to minimise potential potential costs to reproductive fitness via mistrust of outsiders
Discuss ‘symbolic threats’ in relation to prejudice.
- Different customs
Discuss ‘practical threats’ in relation to prejudice.
- Taking jobs, etc; e.g., fears in Nazi Germany
- Realistic conflict theory: intergroup aggression caused by competition for scarce resources; when there are mutually exclusive goals (only one group can win) then intergroup relations deteriorate; e.g., Robbers’ boys camp experiment
Discuss ‘desire to release frustration’ in relation to prejudice.
- Frustration aggression theory: aggression is caused by feelings of frustration (heat, overcrowding, economic hardship); e.g., higher the price of cotton in Sth of America = less lynchings
Discuss ‘desire to legitimise dominance’ in relation to prejudice.
- When disproportionately in charge, want to keep it that way
- Legitimising ideologies: individualism / meritocracy; equity and reverse discrimination; cultural defense; host-guest arguments (our country so immigrants should be polite, etc)
Discuss ‘pseudo-science / eugenics’ in relation to prejudice.
- Bullshit like “negros more related to apes than white people” and other Nazi propaganda
Outline the stereotype content model.
- Low / high competence; Low / high warmth
- Depending on where group is on spectrum of warmth and competence, attract different responses
- Low competence / High warmth: paternalistic stereotype; low status, not competitive; e.g., housewives, elderly, disabled
- High competence / High warmth: admiration; high status, not competitive; e.g., ingroup, close allies
- Low competence / Low warmth: contemptuous stereotype; low status, competitive; e.g., poor people, welfare recipients
- High competence / Low warmth: envious stereotype; high status, competitive; e.g., Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists
Discuss the history of women in Australia.
1960s: first bank teller; allowed in public service; arbitration commission endorses equal pay
1970s: granted loans w/o male guarantor; rape in marriage a criminal offence
What is hostile sexism?
- An antagonistic attitude toward women, who are often viewed as trying to control men through feminist ideology or sexual seduction
- Directed towards women who stray from traditional paths: career women, feminists, athletes, lesbians
What is benevolent sexism?
- Attitudes that put traditional women on pedestals, reinforcing their subordination
Discuss levels of hostile and benevolent sexism in richer vs poorer nations.
- Higher levels of both in poorer nations
- Can argue that being in a richer nation promotes generosity as our moral circles expand
- Can also argue that lower levels of sexism help drive the wealth
Give a example of how sexism may be decreasing.
- Study in mid-60s had students evaluate identical written pieces: woman’s essay downgraded relative to man’s
- Since late 80s this effect has disappeared
- Positive stereotypes of women emerging (Lisa Simpson)
- More support for gender equity in work
What is meant by the association of ‘think manager - think male’?
- Perceived incompatibility between beliefs of what it means to be a good manager and what it means to be female
- Many male managers remain sceptical of women’s ability to lead
- Female leaders receive less favourable evaluations for identical behaviour
What is the glass cliff?
- Women being given leadership roles, such as corporate execs and political leaders, during periods of crisis or downturn, when the chance of failure is highest
- Women on glass cliff: in spotlight more; likelihood they will fail; blamed for negative outcome that isn’t their fault
Describe the study by Goff et al. (2008) of White Ps interacting with two White or two Black partners on the topic of “love and relationships” or “racial profiling”.
Ps set chairs further away for black partners, esp when discussing racial profiling.
Describe the study by Weitz (1972) of White Ps recording a message for another student.
- Measured anticipated liking (verbal) and vocal cues (non-verbal) and found negative correlations b/t verbal rating and measure of voice warmth for black student; non-racist whites over-compensate due to guilt
List the types of racism uncovered in a study of Aboriginal Australians.
- Deliberate direct comments
- Jokes and taunts
- Threats
- Ignoring
- Segregation and avoidance
- Assault
- Discrimination
Outline the perceptions of racial bias in the US from the 1950s to the 2000s.
- Bs and Ws rating anti-b bias have both decreased, but W more than B
- Bs and Ws rating anti-w bias have both increased, but W significantly more than B