Final Exam Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Describe six areas of neuroscience that are particularly relevant to biosychological inquiry
A
neuroanatomy (parts of brain and function); neurophysiology (how do they work); neurochemistry (neurotransmitters for communication); neuropathology (disease/damage of brain); neuropharmacology (drug interactions); neuroendocrinology (hormones)
2
Q
Why can we use non-humans to study human processes?
A
less ethical, reproduction is faster, simpler brain structure but still similar
3
Q
Describe basic, applied, and translational research?
A
Basic (broadly applied); applied (apply to specifics); translational (applying knowledge to populations)
4
Q
Describe neuroplasticity
A
Ability of brain to change
5
Q
Describe converging operations
A
Using multiple correlational (2 variables measured), experimental, and quasi-experimental approaches
6
Q
Parts of a neuron & Zones
A
INPUT: Dendrites (receive information), Sona (cell body); INTEGRATION: Axon Hillock;
CONDUCTION: axon moving signals;
TRANSMISSION: Terminal and synapse
7
Q
What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells?
A
Provide insulation for transmission of signal down the axon
8
Q
Function of astrocytes?
A
Wrap around terminals of related axons, remove waster & ions, structural support, and dense scars upon injury
9
Q
Difference between motor and sensory neurons?
A
Sensory bring information from impulse; motor carry our information
10
Q
What/Where is the BBB?
A
Around blood vessels in the brain. Protect against charged particles, bacteria, and maintain specific environment.
11
Q
Describe a synapse. Which is post/pre synaptic. Where are NT vesicles and where are ion channels/receptors?
A
Gap between terminal and dendrite. Post before and pre after. NT vesicles are in pre. Ion channels are in post
12
Q
What is gray matter?
A
Somas/dendrites
13
Q
What is white matter?
A
Axons (form myelinated sheaths)
14
Q
3 main divisions of the brain?
A
Forebrain (mainly cortex); Midbrain (brainstem); Hindbrain (cerebellum/brainstem)
15
Q
What makes up the brainstem?
A
Medulla, pons, midbrain
16
Q
Structures in forebrain (8)
A
Cortex Corpus callosum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Basal ganglia Limbic system
17
Q
Where is medulla. And what does it do?
A
Under pons. Vital reflexes
18
Q
Where is pons. And what does it do?
A
Above medulla. Sleep/REM. Norepinephrine.
19
Q
Where is cerebellum. And what does it do?
A
Movement and well-learned movement.
20
Q
Where is midbrain. What does it do?
A
Above pons. Visual and auditory stimuli. Dopamine.
21
Q
Where is thalamus and what does it do?
A
Above midbrain. Relay station.
22
Q
Where is the hypothalamus and what does it do?
A
In front of pons. Homeostasis
23
Q
Where is the pituitary gland and what does it do?
A
Attached to hypothalamus. Hormone producing.
24
Q
Where is the pineal gland and what does it do?
A
Behind thalamus. Makes melatonin
25
Where is the corpus callous and what does it do?
you know where lmao. Mass axons connecting both hemispheres.
26
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Memory
27
What is the function of the amygdala?
Emotion
28
Function of the limbic system?
Memory and emotion. Hippocampus and Amygdala
29
Function of the basal ganglia and disease associated with it?
Facilitation of movement, cognition and emotion. Huntington's; Partkinson's.
30
What disease is associated with the hippocampus?
Alzheimer's
31
What disease is associated with the amygdala?
aggression?????
32
What is the DRG
group of unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal root
33
What is the DRG
group of unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal root for SENSORY axons
34
Identify on picture: Dorsal root, ventral root, DR.
YOU GOT THIS CHAMP
35
Where are the somas for the motor neurons
in the ventral horn
36
Where are the somas for the motor neurons
in the ventral horn
37
Structures of the CNS
Brain and spinal cord.
38
Structures of the PNS
Nerves outside of the CNS
39
PNS Subdivisions
Autonomic (internal); Somatic (voluntary)
40
Role of Autonomic NS? PNS
Sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming)
41
Role of Somatic NS? PNS
Sensory and motor
42
Role of Somatic NS? PNS
Sensory and motor
43
Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic?
FIGHT OR FLIGHT (immediate energy expenditure)
| REST AND DIGEST (nonemergency functions)
44
Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic?
FIGHT OR FLIGHT (immediate energy expenditure)
| REST AND DIGEST (nonemergency functions)
45
What are cranial nerves and how many are there?
Sensory and Motor for face/head. 12 pairs.
46
What are cranial nerves and how many are there?
Sensory and Motor for face/head. 12 pairs.
47
What are cranial nerves and how many are there?
Sensory and Motor for face/head. 12 pairs.
48
What is heritability, how is it studied, problems?
HB: the contribution of genetic differences to phenotype. Studied through twin studies, biochem, adoption studies.. Problems: Genetics/prenatal environment. Bio kids have bio parents despite being raised great.
49
What is heritability, how is it studied, problems?
HB: the contribution of genetic differences to phenotype. Studied through twin studies, biochem, adoption studies.. Problems: Genetics/prenatal environment. Bio kids have bio parents despite being raised great.
50
Sex-linked gene? Example?
Gene found on the Y or X Chromosome. Red-green color blindness.
51
Sex-Limiting Gene? Example?
Autosomal genes influenced by sex chromosomes. Chest hair/breasts.
52
What is epigenetics?
Structure of DNA has implications for gene expression.
53
Epigenetic vs Genetic?
Genetic: Sequence
Epigenetic: Structure.
54
What is epigenetics?
Structure of DNA has implications for gene expression.
55
Experiments of Genes and Experience (maze rats and IQ kiddos)
RATS: breed least/most mistakes, two complete generations. Raised both gens in impoverished and rich environments >> impoverished rats made most mistakes.
KIDS: Intelligence develops as an interaction of inheritance and experience. Can inherit potential for superior intelligence, but might not be realized in poverty-stricken environment
56
Experiments of Genes and Experience (maze rats and IQ kiddos)
RATS: breed least/most mistakes, two complete generations. Raised both gens in impoverished and rich environments >> impoverished rats made most mistakes.
KIDS: Intelligence develops as an interaction of inheritance and experience. Can inherit potential for superior intelligence, but might not be realized in poverty-stricken environment.
57
At rest which ions are more concentrated inside the cell? outside the cell?
Inside: K+; A+
Outside: Cl-, Na+
58
What are voltage-gated channels? Where on the neuron are they found?
Channel that opens/closes based on membrane potential. Nodes of Ranvier
59
Action potential: Less than -60mV? More than -60mV?
"SODIUM IN, POTASSIUM OUT". Depolarized (add sodium); Hyperpolarized (move potassium out).
60
Through what channel/force?
K+ channel opens (potassium out (gradient) in (electrostatic))
Na+ channel opens (sodium in (gradient) in (electrostatic))
61
What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
Pump 3 Na out for 2 K in. Requires ATP. 40% of neuron energy comes from this.
62
STEPS OF ACTION POTENTIAL (threshold)
Axon hillock depolarizes to -40mV ---- sodium channels opens ---- cell becomes depolarized.
63
Where are ligand-gated channels located?
Dendrites?
64
General vs Partial seizure. What can cause them?
Partial is definite focus of brain. General is widespread. Partial can evolve to general. Causes
65
General vs Partial seizure. What can cause them?
Partial is definite focus of brain. General is widespread. Partial can evolve to general. Causes scarring from injury, developmental, irritated effects of tumor, drugs/withdrawals.
66
What is an inotropic receptor?
Allows ions into postsynaptic cell after NT binds to it
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What is a metabotropic receptor?
Binds to receptor that activates G-protein
68
Main excitatory NT?
Glutamate
69
Main inhibitory NT?
GABA
70
How are NT cleared from synapse?
Absorption by glia, enzyme degradation, reuptake by presynaptic terminal.
71
What are the catecholamines?
Dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
72
What are the monoamines?
Dopamine, epi, ne, and serotonin
73
Define agonist
Molecule that binds to receptor and mimics another molecule
74
Define antagonist
Molecule that blocks another NT
75
Define antagonist
Molecule that blocks another NT
76
Where does dopamine come from
VTA
77
Drugs of abuse do what to dopamine?
Release it to neurons in nucleus accumbens
78
Examples of stimulant drugs
```
Nicotine
Amphetamine (AMPH)
Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Ecstasy (MDMA)
```
79
What NT do stimulants increase?
Serotonin?
80
What are psychological effects of stimulants?
excitement, activity, alertness, mood, fatigue
81
Examples of opiates?
heroin, methadone (Rx). Morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl (Rx).
82
What receptors do opiates use?
Mu-Opiod Receptor (endogenous)
83
What does alcohol do to GABA transmission
It's an agonist
84
What does alcohol do to glutamate transmission?
It's an antagonist
85
What is sensitization?
Becomes more sensitive to less of the drugs
86
What is tolerance?
Becomes more tolerant to the drug (more needed)
87
Metabolic tolerance vs Functional tolerance
Metabolic: less of the drug is getting to the site of action. better at breaking it down and less goes to your brain.
Functional: Decreased responsiveness at site of action.
88
What causes drug cravings after use has stopped?
Stress, exposure to cues, drug priming (small amounts of drug)
89
What is antabuse used for?
Alcoholism. Blocks metabolism or alcohol so become sick of drinking.
90
What NT system works with alcoholism?
Dopamine, glutamate, etc. `
91
Methadone mechanism of action
AGONIST for same receptors as heroin
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Naloxone mechanism of action
ANTAGONIST for opiate receptors (alcohol/heroin)
93
What factors are important for rating a concussion?
Consciousness and symptoms time
94
What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy? What protein?
Degeneration disorder mainly in athletes. Doesnt observe til after death. TAU PROTEIN
95
Who is at higher risks of TBI and CTE?
males, addicts, infants, elderly, prior brain injury.
96
Are symptoms of TBI identifiable?
NOOOOOOO nigga
97
ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke
Ischemic: BLOCKAGE
hemorrhagic: BURST
98
What is a hematoma?
Bleeding outside of surface of brain
99
Define implicit memory and provide examples
Non-declarative (amygdala, cerebellum, motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum). EMOTIONAL, SKILLS, CONDITIONED, PRIMING
100
Define explicit memory and provide examples
Declarative (hippocampus, temporal cortex, thamamus) EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC (facts)
101
Brain region important for working/STM?
Prefrontal cortex
102
What was HM's biggest impairment.
Couldn't form new (declarative) memories. ANTEROGRADE amnesia.
103
In memory, what is hippocampus used for
Consolidating memories
104
What is a HEBBIAN Synapse?
Increased effectiveness in synapse bc of simultaneous activity in pre- and post- synaptic cells
105
ALTZ: What is a plaque. What proteins?
Spread apart. Amyloid protein
106
ALTZ: What is a tangle. What proteins?
Close together. Tau protein
107
What is LTP?
Strengthening of synapses by action potentials.
108
First memory symptom of ALTZ?
Memory loss
109
Risk factors of late-onset and other factors?
Age.
110
What is transduction?
Transforming physical energy into neural/electrical energy through action potentials
111
What are photoreceptors called? What which is for color vision?
Cones (color) and rods
112
What are optic nerves, chiasm, and tract?
Visual pathways. Each tract has some nerves from each eye.
113
Dorsal stream (WHERE)
Spatial perception
114
Ventral stream (WHAT)
Pattern perception
115
Major brain region of homeostasis
Hypothalamus
116
Two main things that can make you thirsty and what types of thirst are they?
Eating salty foods (OSMOTIC)
| Loss of fluid (HYPOVOLEMIC)
117
What are circumventicular organs
Spaces in BBB so brain can sample blood
118
Insulin vs Glucagon
Insulin: Delivers glucose to cells for use/storage
Glucagon: Breaks down stored glycogen for use.
119
Do neurons need insulin to use glucose?
Nopees
120
hunger or satiety signals: Serotonin
satiety
121
hunger or satiety signals: leptin
satiety
122
hunger or satiety signals: ghrelin
hunger
123
Define circadian and circuannual rhythm and examples
Daily and annual. Body temp, hormones, sleep/wake.
124
What is the significance of the SCN?
MASTER CLOCK. Sleep and temperature patterns.
125
How is melatonin involved in circadian patterns?
Makes you sleepy through SCN and light
126
What structure makes melatonin?
Pineal gland
127
What are some functions of sleep
Energy conservation, breakdown of debris, memory compensation, avoid predation
128
EEG patterns, heart rate, breathing & blood pressure as you go from sleeping stage 1 to 4
Slow down and become more sync
129
What is EEG like in REM
Fast fast fast!! You have really vivid dreams.
130
With age: amount of sleep, REM sleep, sleeping disorders?
Less sleeping, Less REM, more disorders
131
What brain region controls hormone release from pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
132
How are hormones transported around body?
Through blood vessels
133
3 classes of sex steroid hormones
Androgens (testosterone/DHT), estrogens, progestins
134
Organizational vs activation effects of hormones
Organizational: influence anatomy, physiology, and behavior.
Activational: temporary. Reproduction
135
What hormones do developing testes secrete?
Anti-mullerian hormone, DHT, and testosterone.
136
What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen, progesterone
137
Define intersex condition
intermediate/ambiguous sex development
138
Turners Syndrome
XO
139
Kleinfelters Syndrome
XXY
140
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Higher than typical testosterone
141
androgen insensitivity syndrome
genetic mutation in androgen receptors
142
Two systems model of stress
SNS: energy for immediate use
| HPA A: stress hormones from cortex
143
3 parts of general adaptation system
Alarm (SNS), Resistance (HPA), Exhaustion.
144
Level of glucocorticoids related to stress system?
```
Low = weak negative = more stress
High = good negative = less stress/manage
```
145
Symptoms of major depression
EMOTIONAL, SOMATIC, COGNITIVE
146
Symptoms of atypical depression
Respond to pos/neg experiences. Weight gain/hypersomnia/appetite.
147
Symptoms of mania
restless activity, decreases sleep, inhibition, distracted, laughter, racing thoughts
148
Symptoms of dysthymia
emotional/cognitive. mild/persistent
149
What is lithium often used to treat?
bipolar disorder
150
What are SSRIS (MAOIS and tryciclics) used to treat
depression. serotonin
151
What neurotransmitter system does mood disorders affect
Serotonin and norepinephrine
152
Symptoms of SKZ:
POSITIVE: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought.
NEGATIVE: Flat effect, avolition (will), asociality, anhedonia, alogia
153
Symptoms of SKZ that are hard to treat:
Negative
154
How does prevalence and onset differ between males and females?
More common in men. More onset in men
155
NT active/inactive in SKZ:
ACTIVE: Dopamine, serotonin.
INACTIVE: Glutamate
156
Diathesis-stress model
Diathesis: genetic predisposition
Stress: Environmental trigger
