Final Exam

Question 1

when do we inseminate and why

Answer 1

24 hours after ovulation because she is in estrus

Question 2

when do we know the mare is receptive to the stud

Answer 2

tease score of 4-5

Question 3

what is the cervix

Answer 3

natural barrier and it protects from bacteria

Question 4

how is her cervix when she is ready to breed

Answer 4

open

Question 5

what is teasing

Answer 5

introducing mare and stud to see if she is receptive to him though the use of body language

Question 6

what are the three changes you want to see on the ultrasound

Answer 6

1. wagon wheel shape
   2 fluid changes and gets cloudy
   3 the luteal ring forms

Question 7

how big do you want the dominant follicle to be before breeding

Answer 7

40-50 mm at least

Question 8

how many hours before the end of estrus does ovulation take place

Answer 8

24 hours

Question 9

how many times do we inseminate in an ideal world

Answer 9

twice, once before and once after or 12 hours apart hoping to catch the window of ovulation

Question 10

how do you increase the chance of having a colt vs a filly

Answer 10

the lighter sperm is male and you meed to breed as close to ovulation as possible because you want the egg at the highest point in the oviduct

Question 11

why are male sperm lighter

Answer 11

males only have the X chromosome and females have XY therefore they’re heavier

Question 12

what are the 5 steps in a BSE

Answer 12

1. verify ID
2. know the history including repro
3. general physical eval
4. repro eval
5. ancillary tests

Question 13

how do you verify the ID

Answer 13

check tattoos and markings ect.

Question 14

what do you want to know about the repro history

Answer 14

if they have any deformities like princesses uterus

Question 15

what do they check in the general exam

Answer 15

overall health of animal and if they have STD’s

Question 16

what is checked in the repro exam

Answer 16

whether they’re fertile or if they have any cysts or unnatural edema

Question 17

what does a ancillary test check in studs

Answer 17

penile fossa and urethral culture

Question 18

what does a ancillary test check in mares

Answer 18

uterine biopsy and cultures

Question 19

what is a satisfactory breeder

Answer 19

free of undesirable defects 
no STD's 
willing and able to breed
normal semen quality adn output 
ejaculate 1 billion PMMN's

Question 20

what is the other name for caslick

Answer 20

vulvoplasty

Question 21

why do we do caslicks

Answer 21

if mare has poor perineal conformation

Question 22

examples of poor perineal conformation

Answer 22

recessed rectum, tears in the vulva

open vulva

Question 23

what does a recessed rectum lead to

Answer 23

manure contamination

Question 24

what is bad about having an open vulva

Answer 24

air and bacteria get in and causes a breeding ground for bacteria

Question 25

what can you do before a caslick to fix the poor conformation

Answer 25

fatten them up to increase the body score in hopes it fixes the solution

Question 26

what is a risk factor of the caslick

Answer 26

endometritis

Question 27

what suture pattern is used in a caslick and why

Answer 27

ford interlocking stitch so that it reduces pressure points

Question 28

what does the stitch look like

Answer 28

L's

Question 29

how long is normal equine gestation

Answer 29

340 days

Question 30

when is a foal a preemie

Answer 30

320 days or less

Question 31

how does the vulva change before foal

Answer 31

relaxes and opens, area between vulva and anus relaxes

Question 32

how does the tail head change before foal

Answer 32

it relaxes and it is not covered in fat or muscle so it very prominant

Question 33

how does the muscles and tendons change before foal

Answer 33

water bed butt they look angular

Question 34

how does the abdominal shape change before foal

Answer 34

they drop they look slab sided and they look triangle shaped and ribby

Question 35

what is the hormone produces by the fetus

Answer 35

relaxin

Question 36

what is relaxin

Answer 36

polypeptide hormone produced by fetus

Question 37

how do the mammary glands develop

Answer 37

they build a bag and it fills up with milk

Question 38

what is the milk test score corrolated with a baby

Answer 38

200 ppm usually means 24-48 hours

Question 39

what is waxing

Answer 39

when colostum builds up on the teats and hardens

Question 40

what are some behavioral signs mare might foal

Answer 40

colic symptoms, discomfort, going off feed and isolation

Question 41

who initiates partuition

Answer 41

fetus | baby decides day mom decides time

Question 42

when does the foal decide when they want out

Answer 42

theres no room which increases fetal cortisol which sends signals to mom also the diving position

Question 43

what hormones affect partuition

Answer 43

progesterone- decreases no longer maintaining pregnancy estrogen- increases to cause contractions PGF2a- stops the progesterone oxytocin- helps cause contractions calciu- helps prevents muscle exhaustion

Question 44

what does an increase in estrogen cause

Answer 44

contractions

Question 45

what does PGF2a do

Answer 45

stops the progesterone that is maintaining the pregnancy

Question 46

what hormone helps with contractions

Answer 46

oxytocin

Question 47

what hormone helps prevent muscle exaustion

Answer 47

calcium

Question 48

what are the three stages of partuition

Answer 48

pre labor expulsion cleaning/ delivery of placenta

Question 49

when does stage 1 start and end

Answer 49

start: intital with uterine contractions end: water breaking

Question 50

when does stage 2 start and end

Answer 50

Start: Broken water End: foal on ground

Question 51

how long should expulsion take

Answer 51

10-30 mins with constant progress

Question 52

what happens when the water breaks

Answer 52

its the rupture of the chorioallatonic membrane at the vertical star aka release of amniotic fluid

Question 53

how long do you have to save a red bag foal

Answer 53

less than ten mins once they red bad they have no oxygen

Question 54

what is the start adn end of stage 3

Answer 54

Start: foal on the ground end: when all fetal membranes are expelled

Question 55

what do you never do with the membranes

Answer 55

PULL

Question 56

what is another work for delivering the placenta

Answer 56

Cleaning

Question 57

how long should it take to clean/ deliver the placenta

Answer 57

no more than 3 hours if longer call vet

Question 58

what happens if the placenta is retained

Answer 58

sepsis and death

Question 59

what can you do to help deliver the placenta

Answer 59

give ocytocin for contraction and flush out mare

Question 60

what is the 123 rule

Answer 60

stand by hour 1 nurse by hour 2 clean by hour 3

Question 61

why is the 123 rule important

Answer 61

its a guideline to see if everything is running smoothly

Question 62

when is colostrum needed

Answer 62

by hour 2

Question 63

what does colostum do

Answer 63

gives IGG antibodies and it acts as a laxative to get meconium out

Question 64

what is meconium

Answer 64

sticky black and tar like fisrt thing that foal will pass

Question 65

what do you do if your foal does not pass meconium

Answer 65

fleet enema

Question 66

what will happen if you foal doesnt pass meconium

Answer 66

colic and or death

Question 67

what can happen if fetal membranes are retained

Answer 67

death and sepsis

Question 68

how can you check if the whole placenta was delivered

Answer 68

fill it with water it shouldnt leak if it does youre missing a piece

Question 69

what do you use to clean the chord stump

Answer 69

iodine or chlorhexadine

Question 70

what are th negatives about iodine cleaning

Answer 70

its harsh on skin

Question 71

what is the negative about chlorhexadine cleaning

Answer 71

will need to be dome more frequently