Final Exam

Question 1

What does long term forward neck posture lead to?

Answer 1

Long term muscle strain
disc herniation
Pinched nerves

Question 2

For every inch of forward head posture, the weight of the head increases by _____.

Answer 2

10 lbs

Question 3

Loss of cervical curve stretches the spinal cord _______cm and can cause _____.

Answer 3

5-7

disease

Question 4

90% of stimulation and nutrition to the brain is generated by:

Answer 4

movement of the spine

Question 5

Forward head posture will rob energy from your brain, causing problems in:

Answer 5

Thinking
Metabolism
Immune System
Proprioception

Question 6

Some diseases caused by long term forward neck posture:

Answer 6

Lung and CV diseases, as well as GI

Question 7

A neuron is composed of:

Answer 7

Soma
Perikarion
Dendrites
Axon

Question 8

Other name for myelin

Answer 8

Neurilemma

Question 9

2 nerves involved in a synapse is called a ______, while more than 2 nerves involved is called a ______.

Answer 9

Monosynapse

Polysynapse

Question 10

Nerve impulses from periphery nerves to the CNS. Mostly sensory

Answer 10

Afferent nerves

Question 11

Nerve impulses from the CNS to the periphery nerves . Mostly motor

Answer 11

Efferent Nerves

Question 12

Network of interconnecting neurons connecting the afferent and efferent nerves

Answer 12

Interneurons

Question 13

Medulla Spinalis, AKA

Answer 13

Spinal cord

Question 14

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

Answer 14

Begins at the foramen magnum, ends at the conus medularis

Question 15

2 major enlargements in the spine

Answer 15

cervical and lumbar

Question 16

largest of the 2 enlargements

Answer 16

cervical

Question 17

Cervical enlargement runs from __-__. Gives rise to the _____ plexus. THe largest circumference is located at _____.

Answer 17

C4-T1
brachial
C5/6.

Question 18

Lumbar enlargement runs from __-__. Gives rise to the _____ and _____ plexus, and the ____ ____.
Largest circumference is at _____.

Answer 18

T9-L2 (conus medularis is)
Lumbar and sacral plexus and the Cauna Equina
T12

Question 19

Nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

Answer 19

Ganglion

Question 20

Nerve cell bodies inside the IVF

Answer 20

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 21

Nerve C1 arises between ____ and ____.

Answer 21

occiput and atlas

Question 22

Nerve C8 arises between ___and ___

Answer 22

C7 and T1

Question 23

Other than C-1 or C-8, where do all other nerves arise from?

Answer 23

Below their respective vertebra

Question 24

Purpose of the meningies

Answer 24

To surround, protect, and stabilize the CNS

Question 25

The 3 layers of meningies consists of:

Answer 25

Dura Mater Arachnoid Pia Mater

Question 26

Space that contains fat, loose CT, and extensive epidural venous plexus (Batson's Plexus)

Answer 26

Epidural space

Question 27

The Dura Mater is very _____ (weak/tough) and continues to ____. Is attaches to the posterior aspect of the ____ ____ of __ (location). It also attaches to the PLL by means of ____ _____.

Answer 27

S-2 Tough foramen magnum of C2/C3 Hoffman's ligaments

Question 28

Very small potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid. Has interstitial fluid.

Answer 28

Subdural space

Question 29

Meningial layer. Middle layer, spider like. Completely avascular. Continues to S2

Answer 29

Arachnoid

Question 30

Space between Pia mater and arachnoid that cerbrospinal fluid

Answer 30

Subarachnoid space

Question 31

The pia mater is very ____ (thin/thick). It has 2 parts called ____ the inner part and ___ the outer part. Both parts, surround the ____ ____ and the ______ _____ to the IVF

Answer 31

Thin. Pia-glia and epi-pia spinal cord and spinal nerves to the IVF

Question 32

Avascular layer of the pia mater. adheres to the spinal cord

Answer 32

Pia-Glia

Question 33

Vascular layer of the pia mater. Attaches to the dura mater via denticulate ligaments

Answer 33

Epi-pia

Question 34

Name for both pia mater and arachnoid together:

Answer 34

Leptomeninges

Question 35

Fibrous bands of epi-pia that go through the arachnoid, and attach to the dura mater.

Answer 35

Denticulate ligament

Question 36

The denticulate ligament has ____ points of attachment on either side.

Answer 36

22

Question 37

Purpose of the denticulate ligament

Answer 37

To stabilize the meningies, keeping them from folding on top of each other

Question 38

Central ligament of the spinal cord/coccygeal ligament. Anchors the spinal cord in place, keeping it from moving around.

Answer 38

Filum terminale

Question 39

Filum terminale extends from ____ to the _____ segment

Answer 39

conus medularis | 1st coccygeal

Question 40

The filum terminale is made up of all the meningeal layers until __, where is will only be made up of the ____ ___ to the coccyx.

Answer 40

S2 | Pia Mater

Question 41

Area of unmyelinated nerves | where cell bodies and synapses are

Answer 41

Gray matter

Question 42

Area of myelinated nerves

Answer 42

white matter

Question 43

Motor lesions that involve the CNS

Answer 43

Upper Motor Leisons

Question 44

Spastic paralysis | inability to move an extremity due to spastic muscles and increased deep tendon reflexes

Answer 44

Hyper-reflexia

Question 45

Moton neuron lesions that involve the PNS only

Answer 45

Lower motor neuron lesions

Question 46

Flaccid paralysis | Loss of muscle tone and absence of tendon reflexes

Answer 46

Hypo-reflexia/A-reflexia

Question 47

There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves. ___ of these exit through a bony foramen

Answer 47

31 | 29

Question 48

Each spinal nerve is formed by the convergence of:

Answer 48

A dorsal root and ventral root within the IVF

Question 49

Distal to the IVF, the spinal nerve divides into these 2 parts:

Answer 49

``` Dorsal ramus (rami, posterior primary division, PPD) Ventral ramus (rami, anterior primary division APD) ```

Question 50

This ramus innervates the skin and deep muscles of the back and neck

Answer 50

Dorsal Ramus

Question 51

This ramus innervates the anterior and lateral aspect of the trunk and extremities

Answer 51

Ventral ramus

Question 52

``` There are __ Pairs of cervical nerves, __ pairs of thoracic nerves ___ pairs of lumbar nerves ____ pairs of sacral nerves and ____ pairs of coccygeal nerves ```

Answer 52

``` 8 12 5 5 1 ```

Question 53

The cervicla plexus is formed by the ______ rami of these nerves:

Answer 53

Ventral | c1-c4

Question 54

Plexus that supplies the cutaneous innervation, to the dorsal lateral part of the head neck and shoulders , as well as the deep cervical muscles, traps, SCM

Answer 54

Cervical plexus

Question 55

What does the brachial pluxes supply to? | What is it formed by?

Answer 55

Upper extremities | Ventral Rami of C5-T1

Question 56

Brachial plexus track: | Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer

Answer 56

``` 5 Roots 3 trunks 2 divisions 3 cords Branches ```

Question 57

Ascending sympathetic trunk is supplied by:

Answer 57

All cervical nerve roots down to T6

Question 58

3 cervical ganglions of the ascending sympathetic trunk and where they are

Answer 58

inferior cervical ganglion- C7-T1 Middle Cerical Gangion- C5-C6 Superior Cervical Ganglion- C2-C3

Question 59

Ganglion anterior to the sacrococcygeal junction. The most caudal ganglion of the sympathetic trunk

Answer 59

Ganglion of IMPAR

Question 60

Plexus formed by ventral rami of L1-L4. Supplies lower extremities

Answer 60

Lumbar plexus

Question 61

Name the location for the following: A. Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve B. Sacral plexus C. Sciatic Nerve made of _____________

Answer 61

A. L-2 and L-3 B. L4-S5 C. L-4, 5, S-1, 2 (some S-3); Common Peroneal & Tibial nerve

Question 62

Thigh pain, involves L2-L3 nerves. Sensory disturbances (pain, increased sensation, lack of sensation in anterolateral thigh)

Answer 62

Meralgia Parathetica

Question 63

Dorsal Roots are | Ventral Roots are

Answer 63

``` Afferent fibers (Sensory) Efferent fibers (Motor) ```

Question 64

Dorsal & Ventral branches formed at posterior/anterior division L2-L4 respectfully

Answer 64

Femoral & Obturator Nerve

Question 65

Primarily arise from L2, L3, L4 nerve roots

Answer 65

Lumbar Plexus