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Psychology 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of information in environment by sensory receptors

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Received sensory information converts into action potential

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3
Q

Perception

A

Brain interprets received action potential

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4
Q

How can perceptual set influence the perception of a stimulus

A

You perceive or notice some aspects of the sensory data and ignore others

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5
Q

How does context effect influence perception?

A

Influence of environmental factors on ones perception of a stimulus

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6
Q

Pavlov research

A

Did the dog saliva meat powder thing and discovered classical conditioning

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7
Q

Thorndike research

A

Tested cats with puzzle boxes discovered operant conditioning

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8
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Discovered observational learning through bobo dolls and how adults handled them and children’s reactions

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9
Q

BF skinner

A

Most known for operant containing and spent most of his life studying it

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10
Q

Contiguity

A

Degree to which two stimuli follow one another in time and order

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11
Q

Contingency

A

Degree that presentation of one stimulus is contingent on the presentation of another

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12
Q

4 behavioral consequences

A

Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment

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13
Q

3 types of long term memory

A

Semantic memory
Episodic effect
Procedural memory

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14
Q

Semantic memory + brain structure

A

Concept memory such as school, knowledge, or facts (hippocampus)

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15
Q

Episodic effect memory + brain structure

A

Autobiographical memory (hippocampus)

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16
Q

Procedural memory + brain structure

A

You’re “how to” such as cooking

Cerebellum

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17
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

First psychology lab in 1879
Structuralism
German philosopher and physiologist

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18
Q

William James

A

Brought psychology to the United States
Functionalism
American philosopher

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19
Q

Sigmund freud

A

Psychoanalysis
Argued psychology was the study of mental life
Austrian physician

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20
Q

John B Watson

A

Argued psychology was the study of observable behavior

Behavioralism

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21
Q

Structuralism

A

Identification of the mental structures and physical processes that allow individuals to experience the world

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22
Q

Functionalism

A

Identification of the adaptation value of human behavior

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23
Q

Case study

A

Record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over time

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24
Q

Self report

A

Any rest measure or survey that relies on the individuals own report of their symptoms, behaviors, beliefs or attitudes

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25
Observational study
Watching participant and recording relevant behavior for later analysis
26
Belmont report ethical requirements
Respect for persons Beneficence (do no harm) Justice (cost vs benefit analysis)
27
IRB requirements
``` Informed consent must outline Risks Purpose Confidential Compensation Voluntary ``` Also provide outlining the true purpose of study
28
Hindbrain structures and purpose
Cerebellum Pons Medula Control basic processes
29
limbic system structure and purpose
-amygdala and hippocampus Higher cognitive functioning area broken into 3 sub regions Forebrain
30
Diencephalon structure and purpose
Controls the endocrine system and a relay point for sensory information Thalamus and hypothalamus Forebrain
31
Cerebral Cortex main lobes
``` Front lobe (front) Occipital lobe (back) Temporal lobe (side) Parietal lobe (top) ```
32
Corpus callosum purpose and location
Forebrain
33
4 main issues developmental psychologist Aim to understand
Nature vs nurture Early experience vs later experience Continuity vs discontinuity Abnormal behavior vs individual differences
34
Two phenomena David Elkind
Personal fable “rules don’t apply to me” | Imaginary audience “everyone is watching”
35
Sensorimotor stage
Birth-2 years abilities -learning using senses and motor skills Limits-object permanece
36
Pre operational stage
2-7 years ``` Abilities- forming mental representations Now we can “mentally picture it” Pretend play develops Imagination shows ``` ``` Limitations- Logical thinking -conservation -egocentric (Piaget term) -lack theory of mind ```
37
Concrete operations
7-11 years Abilities- seriation ability to put things in sequential order Decentration ability to think of multiple things at once Limits- Lack abstract thought
38
Formal operations
11 years-older Abilities- Abstract thought Hypothetical seductive reasoning “if then reasoning” Limitations- Egocentric increased meta cognition Thinking of ourselves/others We know everyone thinks different. We struggle to see similarities
39
Sex
Biological and anatomical differences between individuals | Genitalia
40
Gender
Behavioral, cultural, and emotional traits associated with being male or female
41
Sexual orientation
Other individuals who you are or are not romantically and physically attracted to
42
3 things people do according to cognitive dissonance
Change behavior Justify behavior Change attitude
43
Stereotype
Representative heuristic
44
Prejudice
Negative attitude towards others
45
Discrimination
Negative behavior towards others
46
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to attribute an individuals behavior with their personality
47
2 reasons participants gave to explain why they conformed to group
Normative conformity | Information conformity
48
Methods of soloman asch study and results
Participants told they were taking part in perceptual task 74% conformed
49
Reliability
Does the instrument provide consistent results
50
Validity
Does the instrument measure what it was designed to measure
51
Ecological validity
Do the findings apply to real life
52
DSM-V uses
Used to predict future behavior patterns Suggest appropriate treatment Prompt research on outlined disorders
53
DSM-C criticisms
Variation in diagnoses reliability | Is labeling problematic?
54
4 D’s of a psychological disorder
Deviancy Distress Danger Dysfunctional
55
Drive reduction theory
Motivated to satisfy the drive by reducing “need or want” (homeostasis)
56
Arousal theory
The theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal (curiosity)
57
Instinct motivation
impulses designed to support survival or reproduction
58
Self determination theory
Individuals are motivated to fulfill three basic needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness)
59
Maslow criticism
Individuals do not always behave strictly to his hierarchy | Is staying up all night to do homework you don’t meet the need for sleep
60
3 common treatment techniques
Psychotherapy Biomedical therapy Therapeutic lifestyle change
61
Spacing effect
Learning is greater when studying is spread out over time
62
Testing effect
Long term memory is often increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving to-be-remembered information
63
Self reference effect
Tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the degree of personal involvement in the sequence of the events being encoded
64
5 components of classical conditioning
``` Neutral stimulus (NS) Unconditioned response (UR) Unconditioned stimulus (US) Conditioned response (CR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) ```
65
3 memory systems (Atkinson & shriffin)
Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory
66
Short term memory span/limitation
15-30 seconds | 5-9 items
67
Sensory memory duration/limit
Seven plus or minus 2 items 30 second max but can be extended by chunking information
68
Long term memory time limit/capacity
A few minutes to your whole lifetime Could be unlimited
69
OCD symptoms
Experience recurrent thoughts that leads to engagement in maladaptive behavior
70
Anxiety disorder symptoms
Individuals experience distress and or persistent anxiety Often coupled with engagement in maladaptive behavior
71
PTSD symptoms
Anxiety, mistrust, nightmares, social isolation
72
PTSD causes
Develops after experiencing a terrifying event in which physical harm occurred or was threatened Highly active amygdala Generalization of classical conditioning Genetic basis (is identical vs fraternal twins) Greater activity in anterior Cortex
73
Personality disorder symptoms
Enduring pattern of behavior or inner experience that is pervasive and stable overtime May not cause stress to individual but to others
74
Schizophrenia symptoms
Disconnect from reality | Positive or negative symptoms
75
Schizophrenia causes
Genetic link Brian abnormalities Excess levels of dopamine Prenatal exposure to influenza virus
76
Neuron structures
``` Dendrite Axon terminal Nucleus Cell body Axon Schwann cells Myelin sheath ```
77
Dendrites
Part that detects the stimulus
78
Cell body
Neuron part that contains most of the cytoplasm and nucleus
79
Axon
Part that sends an action potencio al away from cell body
80
Schwann cell functions
Aid in digestion of its axons
81
Axon terminal functions
Release neurotransmitters

Psychology 101 (3 decks)

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