Final Exam Flashcards
(192 cards)
0
Q
boys first ejaculation of sperm
A
spermarche
1
Q
A girls first menstrual period
A
menarche
2
Q
the paired sex glands (ovaries in FM, testicles. in M)
what two things do these produce?
A
gonads
hormones and gametes.
3
Q
a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen
A
estradiol
4
Q
sex hormone, the best known for the androgens.
A
testosterone
5
Q
around what age do females witness menarche?
A
approx. 12
6
Q
what is most likely the age of visible onset for puberty?
A
11 or 12
7
Q
define precocious puberty
how often does it occur?
A
sexual dev. b4 age 8
1/5,000 children
8
Q
t/f
puberty can be triggered b/w the ages of 8 and 14
A
t
9
Q
what three problems are likely to occur when girls mature at a very young age?
A
lower self esteem
more depression
poorer body image
10
Q
what three problems do boys face if they mature too quickly?
A
more aggression
more lawbreaking
more alcohol abuse in later life
11
Q
t /f
slow developing boys tend to be less anxious, less depressed, and more confident about sex?
A
f
less
less
and more afraid of sex
12
Q
eating disorder characterized by self-starvation
A
anorexia nervosa
13
Q
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging
A
bulimia nervosa
14
Q
what age do goys and girls typically go through their growth spurt?
A
boys - 13
girls - 11
15
Q
which direction does growth spurts occur?
A
distal to proxal
16
Q
put these in order considering growth spurt
muscle
fat
height
A
body fat
height
muscle
17
Q
parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction
A
primary sex characteristics
18
Q
physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as beards or breasts
A
secondary sex characteristics
19
Q
a disease spread by sexual contact
can these be spread by other means?
A
sexually transmitted infection
yes
20
Q
any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests.
A
child sexual abuse
21
Q
t/f
child sexual abuse can occur w/o genital contact
A
t
22
Q
t/f
all brain structures grow at the same rate?
A
f
diff part o the brain grow at diff rates
23
Q
which developed first?
limbic system or prefrontal cortex
what does this cause?
A
limbic system first
means the instinctual and emotional areas develop b4 the reflective ones do
24
what brain development decreases reaction time?
increased myelination
25
during cognitive development in adolescents promote pleasurable experiences?
enhance dopamine activity
26
what grows in the brain that enhances moral development and openness to new experiences and ideas?
synaptic growth
27
How does adolescent egocentrism differ from infant egocentrism?
adolescents focus on themselves to the exclusion of others, infants, think that whatever they see, you can also see.
28
adolescents' beliefs that their thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's
personal fable
29
an adolescents egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal
invincibility fable
30
in an adolescents egocentric belief, other ppl are watching and taking notes of his or her appearance, ideas and behavior
imaginary audience
31
Piagets fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas
formal operational thought
32
reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
hypothetical thought
33
reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principal, through logical steps, to figure out specifics
give ex..
deductive reasoning
titanic is big, therefore, it holds lots of ppl
34
reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion
inductive reasoning
35
What was Ericksons term for the fifth stage of development?
identity vs role confusion
36
a consistant definition of oneself as a unique individual
identity
37
Marcia's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, including past experiences and future plans
identity achievement
38
situation in which an adolescent does not know or care what his or her identity is
role confusion
39
Ericksons term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, w/o questioning or analysis
foreclosure
40
an adolescents choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity achievement decisions, such as going to college
moratorium
41
what are the four areas of identity achievement?
religious identity
gender identity
sexual identity
political/ethnic identity
42
a persons acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female
gender identity
43
a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes
sexual orientation
44
t/f
| parent-adolescent conflict typically peaks in early adolescence and is more a sign of detachment
f
more sign of attachment than of distance
45
petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing
bickering
46
although teenagers may act as if they no longer need their parents, this can be very destructive
neglect
47
parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
parental monitoring
48
a disciplinary technique in which parents make a child feel guilty and impose gratefulness by threatening to withdraw love and support
psychological control
49
what's the worst parenting method
psychological control
50
encouragement to conform to ones friends in behavior, dress, and attitude
peer pressure
51
when is peer pressure usually considered a negative force?
when peers encourage one another to defy adult authority
52
what do adolescent groups look like?
all girls, all boys
53
in wheel first romances appear for straight adolescence?
| how long does it usually last?
high school
usually lasts less than yr
54
who claims a steady partner, boys or girls?
girls
55
t/f
suicides may occur from adolescent breakups?
t
56
t/f
| many gay adolescence do not acknowledge their sexual orientation
t
57
t/f
| many gay youth date members of the same sex to show their true orientation?
f
| they date the opposite sex to hide it
58
t/f
past cohorts of gay youth had lower rates of depression, drug abuse, and suicide than did their heterosexual peers?
f
higher rates
59
t/f
nobody knows the actual number of homos, heterosexuals, bis, or asexual youth
t
60
What age, in 2007, did more than half of adolescents have sex?
16
61
t/f
the rate of teenage pregnancy has increased since 1960?
f
declined
62
what percent are new teenage mothers unmarried?
86%
63
what percent of teenagers use the pill or condoms?
20%
64
t/f
| self esteem for boys and girls dips at puberty?
t
65
feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more
clinical depression
66
what percent of M n FMs experience clinical depression?
f-20%
| m-10%
67
repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences
rumination
68
t/f
| rumination can contribute to depression and is more common in boys
f
| more common in girls
69
thinking about suicide, usually with some emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones
suicidal ideation
70
t/f
| adolescent suicidal ideation is common, but completed suicides are not?
t
71
t/f
| adolescents are more likely to kill themselves than adults?
f
| less likely
72
what are four misconceptions about adolescent suicides rates?
1. rates are higher than in 1960
2. "youth" often includes emerging adult
3. adolescent suicides capture media attention
4. suicide attempts are common in adolescents
73
several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time
cluster suicides
74
any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death
parasuicide
75
which is more common in adolescents, suicides or parasuicides?
parasuicides
76
what are four risks for completed suicide?
1. availability of guns
2. drugs n alcohol
3. lack of supervision
4. suicide condoning culture
77
How much higher are suicide rates among male teenagers compared to female?
4x higher
78
four reasons boys commit suicide at higher rates than females
1. availability of lethal means
2. culture shames failed attempt
3. methods : m-shoot themselves, fm-use pills
4. girls let ppl know
79
t/f
| antidepressants have decreased rates of suicides?
t
80
t/f
| some antidepressants may increase suicidal ideation
t
81
who uses drugs more, boys or girls?
boys
82
what drug slows growth, reduces appetite, causes protein and vitamins deficiencies, and can damage the heart, lungs, brain, and reproductive system
tobacco
83
what is the most frequently abused drug in North America?
alcohol
84
t/f
| heavy drinking may permanently impair memory?
t
85
t/f
| drug users are less emotional and more reflective?
f
| more emotional and less reflective
86
the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned
generational forgetting
87
Drug Abuse Resistance Education
DARE
88
t/f
| Dare has a the biggest impact on later drug use?
f
| no impact
89
prevention method that may increase drug use
scare tactic
90
what are three reasons why scare tactics don't work
1. advertisements make drugs look exciting
2. adolescents recognize the exaggeration
3. ads give teenagers ideas about ways to show defiance
91
a gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient
senescence
92
during the aging process, how much does collagen decrease every yr?
1%
93
what age does skin start to become less flexible?
30
94
when are all faces wrinkled
age 60
95
which narrows faster, frontal vision or peripheral?
peripheral
96
which colors shift from vivid to faded more quickly, colors or black and white?
color
97
t/f
| nearsightedness decreases gradually beginning in ones twenties?
f
| increases
98
lens of the eye is less elastic ant the cornea flattens by middle age
farsightedness
99
loss of hearing that is associated with senescence and that usually does not become apparent until after age 60
presbycusis
100
treatment to compensate for hormone reduction at menopause or following surgical removal of the ovaries.
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
101
male menopause?
andropause
102
a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in a reduction in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass
andropause
103
t/f
| drinking in moderation increases life expectancy.
t
104
increases the risk of violent death and is implicated in 60 diseases
alcohol
105
what percent of US adults had five or more drinks on a single occasion in the past yr?
20%
106
what percent of US adults ea three daily servings of vegetables?
27%
107
what increases the risk of every chronic disease?
excess weight
108
what percent of US adults are overweight?
obese?
morbidly obese?
66%
33%
5%
109
how much does your metabolism decrease b/w ages 20 and 60?
one third
110
what's more important regarding the increase in obesity, genes or culture?
culture
111
t/f
| regular physical activity at every stage of life protects against serious illness
t
112
t/f
| sitting for long hrs correlates with every unhealthy condition
f
| almost every
113
what are two factors that prevent a decline in exercise?
friendship
| communities
114
mortality. lower for women or men?
women
115
how many yrs do women live longer than men?
5
116
ratio, men to women, how does the pattern look from birth until death?
favors boys at birth, 20s its about equal, tilts toward women from then on.
117
how might biological gender differences favor women?
protective second X chromosomes or estrogen
118
who's superficial signs of aging are mo noticeable, men or women?
women
119
who has lower rates of depression b/w men and women?
men
120
who has higher rates of morbidity for every chronic disease except heart disease in middle age?
women
121
who. is less often disabled b/w men n women?
men
122
three reasons why well educated, financially secure adults live longer
edu. teaches healthy habits
edu. leads to higher income, which allows better housing
edu. may be a marker for intelligence, which is a protective factor
123
what age do many elderly get dementia
65
124
what four lifestyle factors make brain loss more common?
drug abuse
excessive stress
poor circulation
viruses
125
a construct based on the idea that intelligence is one basic trait that involves all cognitive abilities, which ppl possess i varying accounts
general intelligence
126
t/f
| general intelligence can be measured directly
f
| cannot, but it can be inferred from various abilities
127
what type of research was used to find many intellectual gains through adulthood but younger cohorts often better than older
longitudinal
128
who began the Seattle longitudinal study?
schaie
129
what study consisted of testing 500 adults, 20 to 50, on five primary mental abilities
Seattle longitudinal study
130
what five primary mental abilities were tested on the Seattle longitudinal study?
```
verbal meaning
spatial orientation
inductive reasoning
number ability
word fluency
```
131
what did the Seattle longitudinal study find?
ppl improve in most mental abilities during adulthood and decline occurs later in life
132
types of basic intel that make learning of all sorts quick and through. abilities, such as working memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking, are usually considered aspects this
fluid intel.
133
types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning. ex-vocabulary and general info
crystallized intelligence
134
what are sterbergs three clusters?
analytic, creative, and practical
135
allows ppl to find a better match to their skills, values, or desires
creative intel.
136
this is useful as ppl age and need to manage their daily lives
practical intel.
137
valuable in high school and college, as students are expected to remember and analyze carious ideas
analytic intel.
138
who stressed nine types of intelligence?
gardner
139
theory that ppl try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well
selective optimization with compensation
140
prejudice in which ppl are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age
ageism
141
baby talk to the elderly
elderspeak
142
anxiety about the possibility that other ppl have prejudice beliefs
stereotype threat
143
what are four responses to stereotype threat?
dying hair
plastic surgery
dressing in youthful clothes
moving quickly
144
what are the age ranges for young-old, old-old, and oldest-old?
y/o 60-75
old/o 75-85
oldest/o over 85
145
what percent of the population is young old, old old, and oldest old?
yo 70%
old 20%
oldest 10%
146
Old adults who suffer from physical, mental, or social deficits
old old
147
adults who are dependent on others for almost everything, requiring supported services such as nursing home care and hospital stays
oldest old
148
adults who are healthy, vigorous, and financially secure and are well integrated into the lives of their families and communities
young old
149
t/f
| 20% of ppl over 65 see well without glasses
f
| 10%
150
t/f
| by age 90, one can only hear 20% of what he or she once did
t
151
the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older
primary aging
152
the specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but result from poor health habits, genetic vulnerability, and other influences that very from person to person
secondary aging
153
this disease is considered secondary aging because not everyone develops it
cardiovascular disease CVD
154
what six factors did the CV Health Study find we're linked to CVD
```
diabetes
smoking
abdominal fat
high blood pressure
lack of exercise
high cholesterol
```
155
t/f
a 90 yr old is 100x more likely to die of CVD than a 30 yr old, even if both have identical genes, social contexts, and health habits
f
| 1000x more likely
156
t/f
| during shrinkage of the brain, the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex shrink slower than other parts.
f
| they shrink faster
157
t/f
| good health, and schooling may slow the rate of brain shrinkage
t
158
t/f
| education may protect the brain more than exercise.
f
| exercise protects more than edu
159
the part of the info processing system that consists of methods for regulating the analysis and flow of info
control process
160
t/f
| control process becomes more effective with age
f
| less effective
161
irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease
dementia
162
this affects older adults with cognitive problems who are still able to function
mild cognitive impairment
163
t/f
over half of ppl with mild cognitive impairment will become demented, but some stabilize with ,
mild impairment and others regain their cognitive abilities
f
| about half
164
the most common kind of dementia
Alzheimer's
165
gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau protein in the brain
Alzheimer's
166
what are the three beginning stages of Alzheimer's?
forgetfulness
personality changes
memory loss eventually becomes dangerous
167
what are four factors of the final stage of Alzheimer's?
full time care is needed
communication ceases
identity and personality are lost
death comes 10 to 15 yrs after first signs
168
how much does exercise reduces chances of dementia?
1/2
169
t/f
| testing beef for mad cow disease, can lower chances of getting dementia
t
170
the final stage in Ericksons model in which older ppl gain interest in the arts, in children, and in human experience as a whole
integrity
171
the final stage in maslows hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding
self actualization
172
an expert knowledge system dealing with the conduct and understanding of life
wisdom
173
what are three parts of wisdom?
life review, self actualization, and integrity
174
death that is peaceful, quick, and painless and that occurs after a long life, in the company of family and friends, and in familiar surroundings
good death
175
t/f
| all ppl hope for a good death
t
176
who identified emotions experienced by dying people, which she divided into a sequence of five stages
kublar Ross
177
what are the five stages of dying?
```
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
```
178
an institution or program in which terminally ill patients receive palliative care
hospice
179
these caregivers provide skilled treatment to relieve pain and discomfort for the dying; they avoid measures to delay death and their focus is to make dying easier
hospice
180
what are the two principals for hospice care?
patients autonomy and decisions are respected
| family and friends are counseled b4 the death
181
care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support and guidance to his or her family
palliative care
182
ethical situation in which an action (such as administering opiates) has both a positive effect, which is intended (relieving a terminally ill patients pain) and a negative effect, which is foreseen but not intended (hastening death by suppressing respiration)
double effect
183
situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally, through the cessation of medical intervention
passive euthanasia
184
DNR
do not resuscitate
185
written order from the physician that no attempt should be made to revive a patient if he or she suffers cardiac or respiratory arrest
DNR
186
situation in which someone takes action to bring about another persons death, with the intent of ending that persons suffering
active euthanasia
187
what's the diff between active and passive euthanasia?
passive- die naturally
| active- killing
188
a form of active euthanasia in which a doctor provides the means for someone to end his or her own life
physician-assisted suicide
189
document that contains an individuals instructions for end-of-life medical care, written before such care is needed
advance directive
190
document that indicates what kinds of medical intervention an individual wants or does not want if he or she becomes incapable of expressing those wishes
living will
191
a person chosen by another person to make medical decisions if the second person becomes unable to do so
health care proxy
