Test 1 Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
Refers to the influence of genes which we inherit
A
Nature
2
Q
Refers to the environmental influences
A
Nurture
3
Q
A time when certain things must occur for normal development
A
critical period
4
Q
a time when a particular development occurs most easily
A
sensitive period
5
Q
What are the five charactistics of development?
A
- Development is multidirectional
- ” is multicontextual
- ” is multicultural
- ” is multidisciplinary
- ” is plastic
6
Q
Theorist who describe stages of development
A
discontinuous
7
Q
Theorists who believe changes occur everyday, constantly?
A
continuous
8
Q
Which life-span perspective states that over time, human characteristics change in every direction?
A
multidirectional
9
Q
A group defined by the shared age of its members
A
cohort
10
Q
patterns of behavior that are passed from one generation to the next
A
culture
11
Q
People whose ancestors were born it he same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion.
A
ethnic group
12
Q
This life span perspective states that genetics and neuroscience are two of the newer disciplines in lifespan research
A
multidisciplinary
13
Q
These brain cells are not present in people with autism
A
mirror neurons
14
Q
A systematic statement of principals and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older.
A
developmental theory
15
Q
Who coined the psychoanalytic theory?
A
Freud
16
Q
A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
A
Psychoanalytic Theory
17
Q
This theorist described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis
A
Erickson
18
Q
T/F
Erickson’s first four stages built on Freuds stages?
A
F
first five stages
19
Q
What are the five stages of Freuds psychoanalytic theory?
A
oral anal phallic latency genital
20
Q
This theory of human development is also called the learning theory.
A
behaviorism
21
Q
this theory of human development describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned
A
behaviorism
22
Q
According to behaviorism, these are processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.
A
Conditioning
23
Q
Tis theory of human development was developed by Albert Bandura.
A
social learning theory
24
Q
this theory is an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other ppl have over a persons behavior
A
social learning theory
25
People learn by observing other ppl and then copying them
modeling
26
How effective ppl think they are when it comes to changing themselves or altering their social context
self-efficacy
27
This theory states that thoughts and expectations profoundly affect action
cognitive theory
28
this theory focuses on changes in how ppl think over time
cognitive theory
29
Who developed the cognitive theory?
| is it continuous or discontinuous?
Jean Piaget
| Discontinuous
30
Piages term suggesting new experiences are interpreted to fit with old ideas
assimilation
31
Piagets term suggesting old ideas are restructured to include new experiences
accommodation
32
this theory holds that development results from the dynamic interaction b/w each person and surrounding social and cultural forces?
continuous or discontinuous?
Sociocultural theory
| continuous
33
who developed the sociocultural theory?
Lev Vygotsky
34
A technique in which skilled mentors help novices learn not only by providing instruction, but also by shared involvement in the activity
guided participation
35
which theory suggests that a change in one part of a person, family, or society affects every aspect of development?
systems theory
36
Who developed the ecological systems approach?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
37
The person should be considered ill the contexts and interactions that constitute a life
ecological systems approach
38
What are the five components of Bronfenbrenner's system?
```
Micro-systems
exo-systems
macro-systems
chrono-systems
meso-systems
```
39
elements of the persons immediate surroundings, such as family or peer group
microsystems
40
(literally, "time system") - affects the other three systems
chronosystems
41
the larger social setting, including cultural values, economic policies, and political processes.
macrosystems
42
local institutions such as school and church
exosystems
43
consists of the connections among the other systems
mesosystems
44
t/f
| Bronfenbrenner's system is bi-directional?
t
45
this requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively
scientific observation
46
t/f
| scientific observation cannot be done in a naturalistic setting such as home, school, or other public places?
f
| it can
47
this establishes causal relationships among variables?
the experiment
48
the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds
dependent variable
49
the variable that is introduced to see the effect it has on the other variable
independent variable
50
which group gets a particular treatment?
| which variable would this be?
experimental group
| independent
51
which group (also called the control group) does not get the treatment?
comparison group
52
This contains info that is collected from a large number of ppl by interview, questionnaire, or some other means.
survey
53
what are three limitations of surveys?
acquiring valid data is not easy
some ppl lie or change their minds
wording influences
54
this type of research consists of collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as they age.
longitudinal research
55
this type of research includes studying several groups of ppl of different ages and following them over the years
cross-sequential research
56
this type of research includes testing groups of ppl of one age and comparing them to ppl of another age
cross-sectional research
57
This exists b/w two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does
correlation
58
What's the difference b/w positive and negative correlation?
positive - both variables increase or decrease together
| negative - one variable tends to increase while the other decreases and vise versa
59
When is a correlation 0?
when there is no connection evident
60
Correlation = causation
false
| correlation is not causation
61
t/f
| every academic discipline and professional society involved in the study of human development has a code of ethics?
t
62
reproductive cells (sperm and ova), each consisting of 23 chromosomes
gametes
63
two gametes that are combined and produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent.
zygote
64
specific sections of a chromosome that carry instructions via four chemicals (AT, TA, CG, GC)
About how many does each person have?
genes
| approx. 3 billion
65
A molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.
Promotes growth and sustains life
DNA
66
These are molecules of DNA.
Chromosomes
67
How many chromosomes does DNA consist of?
| How many pairs?
46
| 23 pairs
68
What percentage of DNA is identical among all ppl?
99.5%
69
What's the difference b/w genotype and phenotype?
genotype - an organisms genetic inheritance
phenotype - observable characteristics (appearance, personality, etc.)
70
What's the difference b/w monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
mono - one zygote that splits (identical twins)
di - fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm (fraternal twins)
71
How are conjoined twins developed?
incomplete split from a mono zygote
72
t/f
| monozygotic twins have the same genotype, but slight variations in phenotype are possible?
t
73
t/f
| dizygotic twins have all of their genes in common and occur three times as often than monozygotic twins?
f
| half of their genes are in common, and occur twice as often.
74
define polygenic
affected by many genes
75
define multifactorial
influenced by many factors
76
Every trait is polygenic and multifactorial?
f
| Almost every trait.
77
These type of genes direct the interactions of other genes, controlling their genetic expression, duplication, and transcription
regulator genes
78
t/f
| regulator genes are responsible for differences b/w species?
t
79
a person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype
carrier
80
How do you get hazel eyes?
dominant brown eye gene and recessive blue eye gene
81
slow to develop language, hearing losses, heart abnormalities, muscle weakness, short stature?
Down syndrome
82
#1 reason for Down syndrome?
mothers age
83
t/f
| people with Down syndrome age slower than people w/o?
f
| they age faster
84
What percentage of offspring will have a disorder if their parents have a dominant disorder?
50%
85
When do most dominant disorders begin?
adulthood
86
t/f
| many dominant disorders have relatively mild or variable symptoms?
t
87
Some who inherit this dominant gene exhibit uncontrollable tics and outbursts
Tourette syndrome
88
with Tourette syndrome, most cases have barely noticeable symptoms
t
89
t/f
| recessive disorders are usually lethal
f
| lethal conditions are rare
90
Carriers of this genetic problem may have been protected against cholera
Cystic fibrosis
91
t/f
| People with sickle-cell have complete protection from malaria
f
| some protection
92
t/f
| African carriers of sickle-cell are more likely to survive than non carriers
t
93
which genetic problem is more common among people with Northern European ancestors?
cystic fibrosis
94
What is the most common form of inherited ID?
fragile x syndrome
95
three symptoms of fragile x syndrome
muscle weakness, shyness, and poor social skills.
96
define hemophilia.
inhibited clotting of blood
97
what can save children with hemophilias lives?
blood transfusion
98
what is the most common sex linked condition?
color blindness
99
why is color blindness often passed on?
because it is not debilitating
100
what enables prospective parents to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that maybe passed on to their offspring
genetic counseling
101
what are the three main periods from zygote to newborn?
```
germinal period (first two weeks after conception)
embryonic period (3rd - 8th week)
fetal period ( 9th wk until birth)
```
102
which period from zygote to newborn is most critical and why?
embryonic period
| basic forms of all body structures develop
103
development of the placenta occurs during which period?
germinal
104
How is pregnancy detected during the germinal period?
mothers urine
105
How many days after conception does implantation start?
about 10 days
106
What organ is attracted to the wall of the uterus?
placenta
107
What does the primitive streak eventually become?
| during what period?
neural tube, then brain, then spine of the CNS during the embryonic period
108
what period does the primitive streak begin to be noticed?
embryonic period
109
heart begins to pulsate during this period
embryonic
110
genitals form and sex hormones cause differences in fetal brain during this period
fetal
111
in which direction do people grow?
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
112
heart is detectable during this period
fetal
113
t/f
| cortex of the brain if fully mature at birth
f
| not fully mature
114
t/f
| The brain is the biggest part of a fetus
t
115
age when a newborn may survive outside the mothers uterus.
age of viability
116
when is the approx age of viability
22wks
117
survival rate at 26 wks?
56%
118
survival rate at 28 wks?
95%
119
what signals the release of hormones to trigger the females uterine muscles?
the fetal brain
120
average duration of labor for firstborn babies?
12hrs
121
what is the assessment of newborns?
apgar scal
122
When is the apgar scale completed?
1 minute after birth and 5 minutes after birth
123
what is the desired score of the apgar scale?
7
124
the prevalence of c-sections is greater in poorer countries?
f
| lower rates in poorer countries
125
what fraction of births in the US result in c-sections?
about 1/3
126
What is the biggest cause of low birth weight (LBW)?
smoking
127
what lbs. is considered LBW?
5.5 lbs.
128
what percentage of newborns are seriously underweight?
8%
129
t/f
| LBW babies are more susceptible to teratogens?
t
130
under 1000 grams (2lbs 3ounces) at birth
extremely low birth weight
131
under 1500 grams (3 pounds 5 ounces) at birth
VLBW (very low birth weight)
132
birth at 35 or fewer wks after conception
preterm
133
birthweight is significantly lower than to be expected, given the time since conception?
SGA (small for gestational age)
134
what percentage of new moms feel postpartum depression?
| for how long?
8-15%
| for days to weeks after birth
135
what type of teratogens affect the babies brain?
behavioral teratogens
136
What are the three significant factors regarding teratogens?
genetic vulnerability
timing of exposure
amount of exposure
137
sensitive period, or critical period?
time when body part develops
critical period
138
critical period, or sensitive period?
time when teratogens can interfere with recent growth
sensitive period
139
certain teratogens are relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level.
what is it called?
threshold effect
140
avg. weight at birth
7.5lbs
141
avg. length at birth?
20 in.
142
a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth.
what is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition?
heads paring
| the brain
143
how thick is the cortex?
about 1/8 in
144
transmits electrochemical impulses from neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
axon
145
a brain chemical that carries info from neuron to neuron
neurotransmitter
146
receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons
dendrite
147
the intersection b/w the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons
synapse
148
t/f
| neurons and synapses proliferate before birth
t
149
elimination, or pruning, of unnecessary connections occurs right before birth
f
| soon after birth
150
which is the last part of the brain to mature?
prefrontal cortex
151
what are the two experience related aspects of brain development?
who identified them?
experience expectant
experience dependent
Greenough
152
brain functions that depend on particular, variable experience (may/may not develop in a particular infant)
experience dependent
153
brain functions that require certain basic common experiences
experience expectant
154
How many hrs do newborns sleep per day?
how many hrs are the segments?
17 hrs/day
| 1-3hr segments
155
What type of sleep is primary in newborns?
active sleep
156
how many hrs of our lives are spent sleeping?
1/3
157
reflexes
| toes fan out
babinski
158
this reflex turns into startle reflex
| trying to grasp when dropped
moro
159
what are the five reflexes of normal functioning?
```
babinski
stepping
swimming
Palmer grasp
moro
```
160
what lobe of the brain does sensation and perception take place?
thalamus
161
t/f
| intellectual and motor development precedes sensory development?
f
| sensory precedes
162
the mental processing of sensory info when the brain interprets a sensation
perception
163
the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) wheat detects a stimulus
sensation
164
which sense is the most advanced in development
hearing
165
which sense is the least mature at birth?
vision
166
b/w how many in. can a newborn focus their vision?
4-30in
167
the ability to coordinate the two eyes to see one image.
| when does this happen?
binocular vision
| appears at three months
168
about how many babies died in 1990 because of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
5,000
169
low birth weight, heavy clothing, soft bedding, teenage parenthood, and smoking are risk factors for this syndrome?
SIDS
170
first substance to exit mothers breasts; very nutritional for babies.
colostrum
171
when's the best time to breast feed?
9-18 months
172
piagets term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development
sensorimotor intelligence
173
the realization that objects (including ppl) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard
object permanence
174
test that provides the illusion of a sudden drop off b/w one horizontal surface and another
visual cliff
175
what ages are affected by the visual cliff? what happens?
6mo olds wiggle over the edge
| 10 mo old don't budge
176
t/f
| infants under one yr old cannot remember
f
very young infants can remember if certain conditions are met:
experimental conditions are similar to real life
motivation is high
special measure aid memory retrieval
177
one word thoughts
holo phrase
178
"oo oo, ahh ahh"
what is this called and when does this occur?
cooing
| 2-4 mo
179
extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba ba ba.
when does this begin?
babbling
6-9 mos
180
high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speed to infants.
child-directed speech
181
a sudden increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns?
when does this begin?
naming explosion
about 18 mos
182
which approach should be used to teach language?
learning approach
183
Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation
LAD (language acquisition device)
184
what is a baby's first expression?
anger
185
this type of smile is evoked by viewing human faces.
| can be present at about 6 weeks
social smile
186
often associated with curiosity
when does it develop?
laughter
3-4mos
187
healthy spouse to frustration
anger
188
indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol
sadness
189
this emotion emerges at about 9 months
fear
190
infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when unfamiliar person moves too close
stranger wariness
191
what are the four new emotions in toddlerhood?
pride
shame
embarrassment
guilt
192
a persons realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other ppl
self-awareness
193
what age do infants have no sense of self and may see themselves as part of their mothers
first 4 mos
194
when do infants begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their mothers?
5 mos
195
at what age is the emergence of me-self?
15-18mos
196
the stimulation of one sensory stimulus to the brain (sound, sight, touch, taste or smell) by another.
synesthesia
197
Infant associates textures with vision, sounds, with smells, own body with the bodies of others
cross-modal perception
198
t/f
| synesthesia is not common in infants because boundaries b/w sensory parts of the cortex are more destinct?
f
| is common infants
199
part of the brain that regulates various bodily functions and hormone production
hypothalamus
200
what part of the brain might grow more slowly in stressed than nonstressed infants
hypothalamus
201
what two psychoanalytic stages regard infancy?
explain them
oral stage (first yr) - the mouth is the young infants primary source of gratification
anal stage (second yr) - infants main pleasure comes from the anus
202
What are the two potential conflicts of freuds first two stages of the psychoanalytic theory?
explain them
oral fixation - if a mother frustrates her infants urge to suck, the child may become an adult who is fixated at the oral stage.
anal personality - overly strict or premature toilet training may result in an adult with an unusually strong need for control regularity, and cleanliness
203
what are ericksons first two stages?
explain them
trust vs mistrust - infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met
autonomy vs shame and doubt - toddlers either succeed or fail I gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies
204
how do parents mold an infants emotions and personality according to behaviorism?
reinforcement and punishment
205
In what study did Albert Bandura demonstrate social learning?
Bobo doll study
206
this theory is especially insightful in interpreting temperament
systems theory
207
Which theory is the epigenetic approach to development, which uses all five characteristics of the life-span perspective?
systems theory
208
inborn differences b/w one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation.
temperament
209
what are the four categories of temperament and their percentages?
easy - 40%
difficult - 10%
slow to warm up - 15%
hard to classify - 35%
210
a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction b/w an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community.
goodness of fit
211
t/f
| difficult babies and goodness of fit build close relationships
t
212
what do goodness of fit parents give to their slow to warmup baby?
time to adjust
213
what do goodness of fit parents of exuberant, curious infants learn to do for them?
protect them
214
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses b/w a caregiver and an infant
synchrony
215
t/f
| synchrony becomes less frequent and less elaborate it he first few months?
f
| more frequent, more elaborate
216
this helps infants to read others emotions and to develop the skills of social interaction
synchrony
217
when does synchrony usually begin?
parents imitating infants
218
an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face to face interaction with an infant
still face technique
219
what is the conclusion to the still face test?
parents responsiveness to an infant aids in psychological and biological development.
they need social interaction.
220
procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants reactions to the stress of various adults comings and goings inanunfamiliar playroom
strange situation
221
what are the three key behaviors to observe during the strange situation test?
exploration of toys
reaction to the caregivers departure
reaction to the caregivers return
222
a type of attachment that is marked by an infants inconsistent reactions to the caregivers departure and return
disorganized attachment
223
what are the four attachment types?
secure
insecure-avoidant
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
disorganized
224
an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
secure attachment
225
an infants anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
226
an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregivers presence, departure, or return
insecure-avoidant attachment
227
seeking info about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or even by observing someone else's expressions and reactions
social referencing
