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MUSIC 103 > Final Exam (90s - 2000s) > Flashcards

Final Exam (90s - 2000s) Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Music Industry in the Early 90s (think Nirvana)

A

Lines blurred between margins and mainstream (popular music in a wide variety of genres)
- Being ‘outsider’ = key to promotion!
- Produces some of the most popular singles ever (though singles declining)

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2
Q

Earliest Hip Hop Breakout

A

Rapper’s Delight (Sugarhill Gang) → “Hip-hop, hippity hop” and The Message (Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five) → “it’s like a jungle sometimes, it makes me wonder how I keep from going under”
- First to perform in neighborhoods beyond their own
- Begin the tradition to building individual style

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3
Q

Rockit (Herbie Hancock)

A

Jazz-Hip Hop fusion
- Hip Hop = record scratching
***Synth-riff (ba bum, ba bum↑, ba bum↑,bum↓, ba)

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4
Q

I Feel For You (Chaka Khan)

A

Soul-Hip Hop fusion
- Hip Hop = rap, vocal sampling, chromatic harmonica
** Prince Cover with Melle Mel feature (Grandmaster)
**”Chaka Chaka Khan, Chaka Khan”

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5
Q

Raising Hell (Run-D.M.C)

A

Rock-Hip Hop fusion
- Hip-Hop = rap

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6
Q

It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (Public Enemy)

A

Marks rap coming into it’s own genre (opposed to fusion with other genre)

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7
Q

Run-D.M.C. (DJ Run & Easy D)

A

Rock-Hip Hop fusion
- Signature style: complete each other’s lines!
- Appealed to young, white, rock audience
- Essential to clothing in Hip Hop culture (chains, fedoras, Adidas with no laces)

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8
Q

Walk This Way (Run-D.M.C. & Aerosmith)
- From Raising Hell (most platinum selling rap album ever!)

A

‘Calculated’ Crossover in all 3 modes:
1. Aural: Run-D.M.C. (verses) and Aerosmith (chorus)
2. Textual: sexual content
3. Visual: fusion symbolized when Steven Tyler breaks down wall in MV
***Drum sample → turntable scratches → guitar riff

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9
Q

Public Enemy (Chuck D & Flava Flav)

A

Hip Hop with socially engaged rap + artistic sampling
- Dense textures created by production team = Bomb Squad

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10
Q

Night of the Living Baseheads (Public Enemy)
– From It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (also platinum selling)

A

Quintessential Public Enemy track
Socially engaged theme: crack cocaine epidemic → turning people into zombies!
- Scolding black dealers for victimizing their own community
- Sampling: Black Panther leader (Khalid Abdul Muhammad) and 13 other ‘sound’ samples throughout
- World Play: dope, bass (VS free base), night of the living dead
***Airhorn sound on backbeat (2 & 4)

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11
Q

Hardcore Punk Rock

A

Variant of Punk movement, originating in West Coast clubs
- Fast tempo/mosh pits (slam dancing)
- Screamed lyrics
- Chaotic wall of sound

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12
Q

Holiday in Cambodia (Dead Kennedys)

A

Quintessential Hardcore Punk Rock
- Theme: anti-establishment, critique of hypocritical rich suburban kids (think their life is hard, though they know nothing of true suffering)
- Kids should grasp the meaningless of their own problems by taking a trip to Cambodia (forced labor camps)
- Frantic percussion, violent guitar sounds
***Menacing guitar riff, “It’s a holiday in Cambodia, it’s tough kid but its life”

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13
Q

Grunge Rock

A

Alt. Rock becomes mainstream

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14
Q

Nirvana

A

Quintessential grunge rock; blend of hardcore punk (gritty) with heavy metal (clean)
- Appealed to the mainstream (irony!)

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15
Q

Nevermind (Nirvana)

A

Album which attracted commercial success for the band; displaced Michael Jackson’s comeback album
- Fame ‘destroyed’ them (no longer an anti-establishment band)

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16
Q

Smells Like Teen Spirit (Nirvana)
- From Nevermind

A

Heavy metal texture + pop technique (songwriting includes verbal/melodic hooks)
- Texture creates distinct sections

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17
Q

Ani DiFranco

A

Singer-Songwriter with an alt-rock edge
- Do-it-yourself model of punk independence → own record label “Righteous Babe Records”

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18
Q

Ani DiFranco Style

A
  1. Progressive themes
  2. Rebellious musical energy
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19
Q

Not a Pretty Girl (Ani DiFranco)

A

Quintessential folk with alt-rock edge
- Minimalist instrumental texture (alt-rock) → puts voice at forefront
- Theme: America’s treatment of women as stereotypes vs. people (based on man who wronged her)
***”I am not a pretty girl”

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20
Q

Lauryn Hill

A

Rap evolutionist in during 90s
- Began career in hip hop trio, the Fugees, then went solo
- Had a hit single with “Killing Me Softly” cove

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21
Q

Lauryn Hill Style

A

Blend of rap, reggae, R&B
1. Focused on self aware, socially conscious themes (vs. violence & sexism focused on by other rappers)
2.Commitment to female empowerment

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22
Q

Doo Wop - That Thing (Lauryn Hill)
- From The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (multi-platinum)

A

Quintessential Lauryn Hill style (specifically rap and R&B) → important contribution to hip hop!
- R&B: soulful vocal, 4-part harmony, horns
- Rap: socially conscious lyrics, digital groove
- Theme: observation of male and female behavior, desire for materialism and (easy) pleasure)

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23
Q

K.D. Lang

A

90s country star
- Began as a Patsy Cline imitator (Nashville sound)
- Break through with Angel with a Lariat in late 80s→ honkey tonk sound
- Transitioned to adult contemporary sound in 90s

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24
Q

K.D. Lang Style

A
  1. Campy, androgynous image (rebellious for conservative country!)
  2. Rich, easy sounding vocals
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25
Nowhere to Stand (K.D. Lang)
Reminiscent of K.D.’s country roots - Traditional musical form (verse, chorus, repeat) - ‘Alternative’ lyrics = critique of traditional practices of child abuse ***”A Family tradition, the strength of this land”
26
Gloria Estefan
Latin superstar of 90s - Started with Miami Sound Machine (1975) - Solo career beginning in 1989 hit a road bump with back injury → went on to have successful recording career
27
Gloria Estefan Style
Disco and salsa (latin) fusion of Miami Sound Machine → dance-oriented pop of solo career
28
Conga (Miami Sound Machine) - From Primitive Love
Quintessential disco and salsa (lain) fusion → highly popular! ***”Come on shake your baby do that Conga”
29
Doctor Pressure (Mylo with Gloria Estefan)
Modern take on the disco/salsa fusion “Drop the Pressure” (Mylo = EDM-House) + Dr. Beat (Miami Sound Machine) ***Synth beat (ba, ba, bum↑, babababa ba, bum↑)
30
Regional Hip Hop
Development of hip hop styles specific to region (during 90s)
31
2 General Rap Camps During 90s
1. Pop rap camp 2. Gangsta rap camp
32
Pop Rap Camp (commercialized rap)
1. Mainstream oriented 2. Digital sampling 3. R&B dance rhythms/vocal styling ***Pioneers include MC Hammer, Vanilla Ice
33
MC Hammer
Pro: dancer Con: not a skilled rapper, only pandering to mass audience
34
U Can’t Touch This (MC Hammer)
MC Hammer’s version of Pop Rap - MV message: celebrating Hip Hop, go with the flow - Song message: self-referential hype song, claiming to be the best at what he does
35
Vanilla ICE
Pro: brought Hip Hop to a wider audience (white) Con: Fake street cred (grew up in middle class suburbs)
36
Ice Ice Baby (Vanilla ICE)
Vanilla Ice’s version of Pop Rap - MV message: soft sounds at beginning symbolic of spray paint used to pain his name - Song message: self-referential hype song ***Sampled Queen’s “Under Pressure” → bold move for just 2nd album!
37
Gangsta Rap
Began a division between East Coast (originated) VS West Coast (innovation) 1. Margins orientated 2. Replaces the social justice warrior (SJW) content with themes of anger, outlaw ***Pioneers include Iced Tea, Public Enemy
38
West Coast Division of Gangsta Rap
Division which lead to national acclaim of rap - Laid back style - Southern dialect flavors (children of migrants from Texas/Louisanna)
39
Ice-T
Part of West Coast division of Gangsta Rap - Dealt with mature themes
40
O.G. Original Gangster (Ice-T)
Ice T’s version of Gangsta Rap - Comments on changes in Southern California urban community (themes include rising unemployment, crack cocaine, drug-related gang violence) ***Repetitive drums!
41
N.W.A (Ice Cube, Dr. Dre, Easy-E, Yella, M.C. Ren)
Part of West Coast division of Gangsta Rap - Wanted to make a name for Compton/LA on national scene - Straight Outta Compton = thematically boundary pushing and graphic (sex, violence, vulgarity…)
42
Fuk Tha Police (N.W.A) - From Straight Outta Compton
N.W.A’s version of Gangsta Rap - Funk influences (guitar and sax) from George Clinton/James Brown - Theme: animosity towards stop and search (racial profiling)
43
G-Funk (Gangsta Funk)
Developed by Dr. Dre in response to P-Funk influence 1. Deep, penetrating bass/hypnotic groove 2. Female vocals, high synth lead
44
Who Am I (What’s My Name)? (Snoop Dogg)
Quintessential G-Funk; dance club record which samples P-Funk (Parliament track looped) and Clinton (saying ‘da bomb’) - Themes: street cred, potential for violence (“Mr. 187”), sexual prowess
45
East Coast Division of Gangsta Rap
Division which emerged to fame following the West Coast division - Emphasis on complex lyrical dexterity, wordplay, flow - Less emphasis on danceability
46
Nas
Part of East Coast division of Gangsta Rap - Album Illmatic helped put East Coast rap back on the scene (dark, soulful sound)
47
Illmatic
East Coast gangsta rap album by Nas - Slow commercial success - Title refers to ‘Illmatic Ice’, a friend of Nas’ who was incarcerated for homicide; or something ‘beyond cool’
48
N.Y. State of Mind (Nas) - From Illmatic
Nas’ version of Gangsta Rap - Slow start → “don’t know how to start” → quick, clever flow ***Piano ostinato
49
Notorious B.I.G. (Biggie Smalls)
Part of East Coast division of Gangsra Rap - Album Ready to Die helped put East Coast rap back on the the scene - Laidback delivery/charm helped to offset brutally honest biographical lyrics
50
Big Poppa (Notorious B.I.G.)
Notorious B.I.G.’s version of Gangsta Rap - R&B influences - Themes: gangster lifestyle, sex ***Weeeoooo
51
Culmination of the West VS East Coast Rap Division
Notorious B.I.G. VS Tupac → both died as a result of drive by shootings
52
Salt-N-Pepa
First multi-platinum female hip hop artists
53
None of Your Business (Salt-N-Pepa)
Anthem of female empowerment - Theme: anti slut-shaming, objectifies men
54
Queen Latifah
Most influential female in hip hop history R&B ties - Assertive persona, held her own among the other gangsta rappers
55
U.N.I.T.Y (Queen Latifah) → uncensored version - From Black Reign (play on Purple Rain)
Dichotomous track between assertiveness of message and jazzy/reggae influenced groove - Theme: call for respect for women from black men (not bitches, whores, etc)
56
Origins of EDM During 80s
Inspired by the disco/club scenes of Europe and America - American Uptempo, repetitive music - European synth pop
57
Detroit - Techno
One root genre of EDM; pioneered by the Belleville Three - Each member founded own record label and produced singles under various names
58
The Belleville Three (Detroit - Techno) Inspirations
Coastal cities, Kraftwerk, George Clinton
59
NO UFO’S (Model 500 - Juan Atkins)
Detroit - Techno track by one of the Belleville Three (Juan Atkins) - Sounds reflective of Detroit industrial plants → cold, mechanical sounding
60
Chicago - House Music
One root genre of EDM; pioneered by Frankie Knuckles
61
Features of Chicago - House Music
1. Use of NY turntable styles 2. Four to the floor beats (uniform beat in quadruple time) 3. Jack ‘Clap’ sound
62
Baby Wants To Ride (Frankie Knuckles)
Chicago - House track in which the whole song is a hook (no verses, chorus) - All features of Chicago - House (four to the floor beat, Jack clap, warm tone) - Sexually explicit lyrics
63
Changes to EDM During 90s
EDM divides into various sub-genres; differ according to: 1. Harness (tempo = beats/min, loudness) 2. Timbre of rhythm, synth 3. Influences (punk, funk, hip hop…)
64
Method Which Led EDM to Mainstream
Soundtracks

MUSIC 103 (6 decks)

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