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MUSIC 103 > Final Exam (90s - 2000s) (Part 2) > Flashcards

Final Exam (90s - 2000s) (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

21st Century Retro Trend

A

References to the past popularized:
- Mariah Carey
- Lady Gaga
- Adele

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2
Q

We Belong Together (Mariah Carey)

A

Gospel/soul influenced
- Simple piano chords which follow a 70s progression
- Molisma = one syllable, many notes

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3
Q

Poker Face (Lady Gaga)

A

Synth pop/EDM ancestry
- Modern Madonna

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4
Q

Rolling in the Deep (Adele)

A

50s/60s girl group influenced (backup vocals)

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5
Q

Bruno Mars

A

Quintessential retro consciousness

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6
Q

Just the Way You Are (Bruno Mars)

A

Retro throwbacks:
1. Ballad style (sentimental, folk narrative)
2. Intimate vocals
3. Hip Hop inspired verses

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7
Q

Just the Way You Are MV (Bruno Mars)

A

Retro choices include:
- Clothing
- Use of walkman/cassette tape
- Record scratches in background (adds nostalgia)

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8
Q

Uptown Funk (Mark Ronson feat. Bruno Mars)

A
  1. “Minneapolis Sound” (funk & synth-pop)
  2. Soul vocals
  3. Disco beats
    - Lawsuit with The Gap Band (“Oops Upside Your Head”) forced Ronson to list them as co writers (and receive royalties)
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9
Q

Uptown Funk MV (Mark Ronson feat. Bruno Mars)

A
  1. Clothes & Dancing = Nod to Prince, MJ, James Brown
    - Hair perm!
  2. Dancing in front of 1985 Lincoln Town Car
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10
Q

Sound of 21st Century

A

Technology!
- No one style, gradual evolution > breakthrough

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11
Q

Digital Audio Workstation (Recording Software)

A

Allow unlimited alterations to songs
- Assembly approach (layers) takes over composition (one shot)

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12
Q

Cons from DAWs:

A

Dehumanizes music?
- Ex. Erasing intake of breath
Tempo fluctuations?
- Ex. result only from human-played instruments
Autotune?

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13
Q

Pros from DAWs:

A

Inexhaustible archive of music
- Ex. Natural Blues (Moby) = sampled Trouble So Far (Vera Hall) from 40 years prior!
- Dance track (texture builds, repetition)

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14
Q

MPEG (follow up to WAV)

A

Digital file compression algorithm
- Gives rise to MP3

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15
Q

Napster

A

First centralized server for sharing music files
- Did not violate copyright laws (music was not ‘stored’) but still infringed upon them
- RIAA shut it down

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16
Q

iPod

A

1st generation held 1,000 CD quality tracks + shuffle

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17
Q

iTunes

A

Storage → store
- Hold Outs: Led Zeppelin, Radiohead, The Beatles

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18
Q

Pandora

A

Pioneer streaming service
- Radio station-like designed according to listener preferences
- Limited capabilities (cannot hand select songs)

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19
Q

Battle of the Streaming Services (Spotify VS AppleMusic VS Tidal)

A

Different ways of assigning royalties:
1. Spotify = what % of songs are streaming relative to total songs
2. AppleMusic = per # of streams
3. Tidal = low royalties, but some exclusive tracks
Part owners are Beyonce, Jay Z, Ye, Rhianna

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20
Q

Subscription VS Free Music Services

A

Artist annual revenue is $4 compared to $100

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21
Q

YouTube Breakout: A Million Ways (OK Go)

A

$5 video lip-synching in backyard garnered 9 million views

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22
Q

Google Buys YouTube

A

Price = $1.65 billion
- This after Warner Music makes entire MV catalog available on service

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23
Q

YouTube Breakout: Next To You (Justin Bieber)

A

Posted a Chris Brown cover at age 14 → was flown to Atlanta by music executives

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24
Q

YouTube Breakout: Lady Gaga

A

Built international fanbase by using YouTube as a modern ‘MTV’

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25
Q

YouTube Breakout: Gangnam Style

A

First international hit created by YouTube

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26
Q

Changes to Rock in the Digital Age

A
  1. Cutting out the middleman = music provided directly to audience
    Planet Earth (Prince) = released for free
    - In Rainbows (Radiohead) = made available for any price
    Songs of Innocence (U2) = iTunes automatic purchase fiasco
  2. Royalties from concert promotion companies
    - Ex. Madonna deal with Live Nation = profits from concerts, merch, ‘brand’
  3. Flexible release timelines (eliminating time for physical production)
    - System of a Down, Green Day, Justin Timberlake, Prince, Future
  4. Boundaries no longer determined by record companies
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27
Q

Nickelback

A

Traditional commercial approach (radio and TV promotion)
- Grunge band, country leanings

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28
Q

Photograph (Nickelback)

A

From All The Right Reasons album, which sold 7 million copies
- Grunge = metallic guitar
- Country = rhythm guitar, vocal inflection

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29
Q

Linkin Park

A

Blurred genres approach (traditional publicity less relevant)
- Rock band with hip-hop elements (turntables, electronic instruments)

30
Q

In the End (Linkin Park)

A

From Hybrid Theory album, emblematic of rock/hip-hop hybrid
- Rock chorus
- Hip hop verse

31
Q

“Holla If Ya Hear Me” vs. “Eye of the Tiger” (Mike Shenoda of Linkin Park)

A

From Rock Phenomenon album (in collaboration with DJs Rock Rayada + DJ Vlad), hip hop song combined over existing rock track

32
Q

Radiohead

A

Experiments in sound (sampling, electronic techniques) and economics (In Rainbows, name your price album)
- Blend of punk and arena rock

33
Q

15 Step (Radiohead)

A

From In Rainbows album, features gradual layering of electronic techniques

34
Q

Arcade Fire

A

Thematic exploration approach
- Indie band which pulled on a diverse repertoire of styles

35
Q

The Suburbs (Arcade Fire)

A

From The Suburbs album, music mirrors text
- Theme: suburban decline, isolation felt up suburban youth
- Musical depiction of good old days (70s country rock) → dissonant strings guitar riff build

36
Q

Hip-Hop Characters in the 21st Century

A
  1. The Hustler
  2. The Artist
  3. The Genre Blender
37
Q

Jay Z
- The Hustler

A

Sold first single ‘In My Lifetime’ out of friend’s car → used money to found his own record label (Roc-a-fella Records)
- Clothing line (Roc-a-wear)
- Def Jam Records → Roc Nation
- Tidal Owner
***Most $$ had to go to sample clearance!

38
Q

Kanye
- The Artist

A

Brought back the sampling of 60s/70s soul hits that had gone out of style in the 90s
- Unpredictable “spirit” (prone to public outbursts)

39
Q

All Falls Down (Kanye)

A

On College Dropout album
- R&B ostinato (repeated pattern)
- Lyric is egocentric, yet self-deprecating
***Co-written with Lauryn Hill

40
Q

On Sight (Kanye)

A

On Yeezus album
More abrasive, acid house

41
Q

Eminem
- The Artist/Genre Blender

A

Brought white working-class mid-western angst perspective to hip hop
- Respected (first rapper on rock radio) yet divisive
- Blended rock with hip hop

42
Q

Stan (Eminem)

A

Story of an obsessive fan named Stan who is writing Eminem a letter (pencil scratches)
- Blurs genre lines by sampling Dido’s “Thank You”

43
Q

Outkast → Andre 3000 + Big Boi
- The Genre Blender

A

Embody southern rap
- Rap
- Live instruments/samples

44
Q

Hey Ya (Outkast)

A

From The Love Below, the Andre 3000 half of the Speaker Box/The Love Below dual album
- Southern rap (so did not fit in any genre) but still successful!
- ‘Live’ persona reflected in arena rock antics and ‘fake’ count in

45
Q

Hey Ya MV (Outkast)

A

Take on the Beatles Ed Sullivan show performance; invokes many ‘throwbacks
- Call & response (James Brown)
- Instrumental break reduced to drums (disco)
- Synth (80s technology)

46
Q

Current State of Hip Hop

A
  1. Streaming affects creation
    - 1,500 streams = 1 album
    - Artists increase album length –> Beerbongs & Bentleys, Culture II, Scorpion
  2. Digital distribution allows editing post-release
    - Ex. Kanye edits “Wolves” off Life of Pablo; added new vocal performances but cut out Frank Ocean ending
  3. Autotuned Sound
    - Rappers ‘sing’ their own hooks
  4. SoundCloud Rap/Mumbled Rap
    - DIY approach allows anyone to produce music (w/o industry)
    - Post Malone, Travis Scott, Lil Uzi Vert, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie
47
Q

Drake
- Hustler

A

Business endeavors include:
- OVO Sound (own record label)
- Apple Music ambassador
- Toronto Raptors ambassador
- Virginia Black (whiskey)

48
Q

U Wit Me? (Drake)

A

From Views album, trap influenced (rap)
- Theme: emotional games of modern relationships do not end when the relationship does!

49
Q

One Dance (Drake)

A

From Views album, Jamaican dancehall influenced (singing)
***First Drake song to surpass 1 billion streams on Spotify

50
Q

Nicki Minaj
- Hustler
- The Artist

A

Hustler: deals with Pepsi, Adidas, Barbie

Artist: fashion icon, stage persona with alter egos
- See Pink Friday album cover

51
Q

Super Bass (Nicki Minaj)

A

From Pink Friday album, embodies pop rap
- Unlike other rap songs, takes a chorus/verse form
- Chorus is uptempo, catchy
- Verses are clever, humorous

52
Q

Frank Ocean
- The Artist

A

Originally a ghostwriter (Bieber, Beyonce) who made it big → think Carole King!
- Broke down hip hop heteronormativity with Channel ORANGE album
- Inspirations include Beatles, David Bowie, Andre 3000

53
Q

Super Rich Kids (Frank Ocean)

A

Embodies avant-garde hip hop and R&B blend
- Theme: Mocks the rich, entitled youths during financial crisis
***Drum machine beat with ‘Bennie and the Jets’ chords

54
Q

Kendrick Lamar
- The Artist

A

Creator of socially conscious concept albums, often featuring stylistic diversity
- Juxtaposes atmospheric music with strong themes (depression, fear of failure, survivor’s guilt)

55
Q

To Pimp a Butterfly Album (Kendrick Lamar)

A

Name a reference to 2Pac’s well-known acronym, To Pimp A Caterpillar
- The album representative of music’s future!

56
Q

U (Kendrick Lamar)

A

Disturbing musical atmosphere (jazz saxophone with screams, siren samples) plays background for Kendrick berating himself in hotel mirror
- Admits to depression, letting family down

57
Q

Alright (Kendrick Lamar)

A

Contemporary R&B/Jazz plays background to young African American men trying to keep faith despite challenges faced

58
Q

I (Kendrick Lamar)

A

Depicts a like Kendrick concert → fight breaks out during song → Kendrick stops concert to admonish fighters against black on black violence
- Discusses reappropriating N word

59
Q

Mortal Man (Kendrick Lamar)
- Final track, 12 mins length

A

Atmospheric sound plays background for the culmination of album themes
- Contextualizes journey with that of Nelson Mandela
- Features a fictional dialogue with Tupac
- Kendrick reads his poem “To Pimp a Butterfly” poem → Tupac falls silent

60
Q

Adele

A

Big break came during SNL performance (host = Sarah Palin)
- Won a Grammy for 19 two weeks later
- Sealed the deal with 21

61
Q

Adele’s Style

A

Pop with 60s/70s soul influence
- Colorful, gravelly voice → power ballad queen

62
Q

Rumour Has It (Adele)

A
  1. Slowed bridge style contrasts rest of the song, builds tension
  2. Energy added to chorus with claps that subdivide the beat
63
Q

Taylor Swift

A

Confessional singer-songwriter who transitioned from country to pop

64
Q

Mine (Taylor Swift)

A

From Speak Now album, showcases country roots
- Acoustic guitar, steel guitar, fiddle, twang in voice

65
Q

Red (Taylor Swift)

A

From Red album, the country influence
- Steel guitar, light kick drum

66
Q

We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together (Taylor Swift)

A

From Red album, the dipping of the toe into pop ‘waters’
- Acoustic guitar = pivot
- Deep strong beats

67
Q

Shake It Off (Taylor Swift)

A

From 1989 album, marks the transition into pop
- Heavy synth, electronic beat

68
Q

Beyonce

A

Symbolic of black, female empowerment
- Like other great R&B divas (think Diana Ross), began career in girl group called Destiny’s Child

69
Q

Beyonce’s Style

A

Fusion of R&B, Hip Hop, Pop (catchy hooks)

70
Q

Beyonce Album (Beyonce)

A

Released suddenly with no marketing
- Ultimate independence move!

71
Q

Lemonade Album (Beyonce)

A

Visuals made to stand alone (one album length music video, divided in 11 sections)
- Had the effect of strengthening fan relationships (think Tina Turner’s biography!)

72
Q

Hold Up (Beyonce)

A

From Lemonade album, plea with an unfaithful lover that she still loves him
- From MV: plea turns to warning! –> Reads poem called ‘Denial’ before song starts

MUSIC 103 (6 decks)

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