FINAL EXAM Flashcards

Question

Psychosocial Effects of Early and Late Puberty What are the effects of off-timed puberty?

Answer 1

linked with anxiety, depression

Answer 2

early maturation linked with more problems than late maturation

Answer 3

typically, they are done with puberty by age 12 early-maturers: - likely to feel bad about their bodies because they’re changing faster than their peers - self-consciousness is more likely to lead to anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, negative body image, eating disorders - more likely to be victims of rumour spreading about being sexually active, sexually harassed

Answer 4

more popular and confident

Answer 5

early-maturing boys and girls have a tendency to seek relationships with older peers who are more similar to them in physical maturity - more likely to get engaged in age-inappropriate behaviour (ie. smoking, drug and alcohol use, sexual activity) - more likely to not make good decisions, put themselves at risk - girls have higher levels of teen parenting/abortion/birth, and STIs

Answer 6

- some parents perceive normal child behaviour as being stubborn and non-compliant, therefore they feel like they need to get them in shape (coming from parents who don't have knowledge of standard child development, and have expectations of how their child should be) - bad impulse, coping skills - marital instability, substance abuse

Answer 7

- average age of first use: 14 years old - 24% of 15-24 year olds report using cannabis in the last 3 months - statistics have not changed from prior to after legalization\ - males use cannabis more often, perceive it as less risky, and more likely to drive a car afterwards

Answer 8

- brain is fully developed until the age of 24 - individuals who regularly use cannabis have impaired executive function (responsible for problem solving, abstract thinking and judgment), impaired memory, impaired recall, impaired attention

Answer 9

more skilled partner is attuned to needs of the child and helps her accomplish more than she could do alone

Answer 10

gap between a child’s competence level (what she can do alone) and what she can do with assistance

Answer 11

holds incoming sensory information in its original form - attention: awareness of information

Answer 12

holds and processes information that is being “worked on”: manipulated, encoded (transferring into long-term memory), or retrieved (recalling it from long-term memory)

Answer 13

central executive | executive function

Answer 14

control processor that directs the flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem-solving - determines what is important to combine new and previously stored information (“directing traffic”)—tells information where to go

Answer 15

cognitive process of understanding information, making decisions, and solving problems - carries out working memory (makes sense of the information): involved in goal setting, inhibiting impulses

Answer 16

in the working memory, very active

Answer 17

unlimited store that holds information indefinitely

Answer 18

we are all born with the system in place; we just need to be exposed to the information, which then moves through the system

Answer 19

adolescents often don’t think about the practicalities associated with each action

Answer 20

positive feedback they are less responsive to negative feedback (ignores advice not to do something)

Answer 21

place more importance of benefits of risk-taking behaviour, than estimating the potential cost or risk

Answer 22

linked to emotional arousal - lag time of development of prefrontal cortex compared to the system of the limbic system, which interferes with decision-making ability - limbic system is upfront, prefrontal cortex is sitting in the background - neurological research supports the findings: adolescents show heightened activity in brain systems that support reward processing, and reduced activity in areas responsible for inhibitory control (opposite for adults)

Answer 23

widespread increases in IQ over the last 100 years - fluid IQ: continuing to increase due to: (1) increase in access to education, (2) increase in experiencing more challenging socioenvironmental experiences - crystallized IQ: started to level off

Answer 24

underlying capacity to make connections among ideas and draw inferences - information processing

Answer 25

one’s knowledge base acquired through experience, education, and living in a particular culture

Answer 26

no - infants in low SES environments do not show any differences on measurements that can predict intelligence (ie. habituation) - differences emerge over time as a result of growing up in low SES environments

Answer 27

accounts for many ethnic differences in IQ scores

Answer 28

accounts for many ethnic differences in IQ scores

Answer 29

contributes to IQ through differences in culture, nutrition, living conditions, school resources, intellectual stimulation, and life circumstances

Answer 30

knowledge of sounds used in a given language - learning how to detect, discriminate and produce speech sounds - humans are capable of generating many more sounds than any one - language uses languages have different phonologies

Answer 31

understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words - infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways - taking consonants and vowels, and sticking the sounds together

Answer 32

meaning or content of words and sentences - growing vocabulary signals an increase in semantic knowledge

Answer 33

knowledge of the structure of sentences - rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences

Answer 34

understanding how to use language to communicate effectively - ie. speaking differently with adults, peers, and children - intonation at the end of a sentence when asking a question

Answer 35

- less developed language skills - less exposure to speech - lower quality parent-child interactions - increased household instability and disorder

Answer 36

- less developed language skills - less exposure to speech - lower levels of vocabulary - lower quality parent-child interactions - increased household instability and disorder

Answer 37

- move houses more often - have many caregivers that come and go - divorce is more common

Answer 38

- move houses more often - have many caregivers that come and go - divorce is more common

Answer 39

relatively enduring emotional tie between two people, each striving to maintain their closeness and acting to ensure the relationship continues over time

Answer 40

- babies learn to associate caregivers with the relief of distress - they will respond to any caregiver who reacts to their signals

Answer 41

- prefer certain familiar people over others (usually parents, or any regular caregiver) - most likely to react more positively with the caregivers they know and are familiar with

Answer 42

- specific attachments to one or more caregivers

Answer 43

- both individuals engage in taking turns in initiating interactions within the attachment relationship - make conscious efforts to interact with the other person because they are important to you

Answer 44

- desire closeness because it makes them feel good - easily comforted by their partners because they were easily comforted by their parents as an infant - much more likely to form secure attachment with their own infant

Answer 45

65% of infants are securely attached | 35% insecurely attached

Answer 46

- feel anxious and avoidant in relationships - have fear of abandonment, feel unworthy of love - become possessive and jealous - not very trusting

Answer 47

ways we describe ourselves - our assessment of our abilities, traits, and characteristics - way we see ourselves – which may not be in line with how others see us - an ever-changing process, becoming more complex over our lifespan

Answer 48

based on evaluation: - feelings of self-worth, self-acceptance, and self-respect - relies on cognitive development and a sense of self that emerges over the course of childhood

Answer 49

achievement moratorium diffusion foreclosure

Answer 50

coherent sense of self, comprehensive and mature combination of self-concept and self-esteem - once you get it, it will likely remain your identity for a long time

Answer 51

(ultimate goal) establishing a coherent sense of self after exploring many possibilities - to reach identity achievement, individual must be able to construct a sense of self through reflection, critical examination, exploration, and forming a commitment to a particular set of ideas, values, and beliefs - individuals who reach identity achievement are associated with positive well-being and overall functioning

Answer 52

time-out period providing more freedom and autonomy than childhood but is without the full autonomy and responsibilities of adulthood - allows adolescents to explore possibilities of who they might become - characterized by sense of openness to possibilities, coupled with sense of anxiety - often working their way to identity achievement - emerging adulthood: (18-24 years old) extended transitional period between adolescence and adulthood - more high school graduates, therefore traditional markers of adulthood are being delayed compared to prior generations

Answer 53

not having explored or committed to a sense of self - identity is not clear - little motivation to come to an identity, did not take advantage of opportunities

Answer 54

chosen an identity without engaging in exploration - prematurely stopped, or never engaged, in process of exploration - often occurs because individual has parents that are over-controlling and decides for them (ie. this is the family, values, job you will have) - problematic for some individuals, but not others

Answer 55

more for individualistic cultures (ie. Western cultures) than collectivistic cultures

Answer 56

desire to maintain relationships and responsibility not to cause harm - feminine mode of moral reasoning - Kohlberg’s conventional stage

Answer 57

based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism - masculine mode of moral reasoning - Kohlberg’s post-conventional stage

Answer 58

believed that we do not progress through stages, but instead boys and girls are socialized differently to approach a moral dilemma

Answer 59

capacity to understand someone’s feelings - begins early in development

Answer 60

show increasing prosocial responses to other people who are having physical or emotional distress (ie. when someone is crying, they show concern and want to calm them down) - they have some level of distress when they see others in distress

Answer 61

voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Answer 62

- can encourage prosocial behaviour by including children in chores and caregiving activities - can encourage prosocial behaviour by using correct language to discuss feelings, which helps toddlers understand the emotions of others, which encourages empathy and prosocial behaviour - parents who model sympathetic concern end up with preschoolers who are more likely to show concern for others

Answer 63

positive discipline method based on reasoning and guidance - parents model effective conflict resolution - focuses on behavior and not child’s characteristics - helps children internalize rules and standards

Answer 64

it supports prosocial behaviour because you are helping the child learn to make decisions on their own that promotes behaviour that is best for everyone

Answer 65

integrating masculine and feminine characteristics - has skills to be successful in both masculine and feminine domains (expressive and instrumental roles) - linked with positive adjustment: higher self-esteem, psychosocial maturity, and life/work/relationship satisfaction

Answer 66

different perceptions and expectations for each gender - before baby is even more, parents start making assumptions about their child based on biological/chromosomal traits encourage gender-typed behavior - some parents punish cross-gendered behaviour encourage same-sex playmates

Answer 67

reinforce gender-typed behavior and criticize crossgender activities

Answer 68

once we reach adulthood, we try to exhibit androgenous behaviour, but we keep getting pushed back to gendered behaviour - almost feels ‘natural’ because individuals have all this exposure that’s reenforcing gender throughoute childhood and adolescent

Answer 69

- normal for children to have sexual feelings - as young as 2 years old, participate in some level of self-stimulation and are capable of orgasm - do not use term masturbation because it is associated with feelings and being goal-oriented (ie. orgasms) - sexual feelings are possibly present from birth, and can be identified

Answer 70

factors that help teen parent and their child avoid some of those maternal and child outcomes of adolescent pregnancy

Answer 71

- readiness to become a parent: some girls are ready to become a parent and know that they can be a good mom, such as girls who live in low income families (ie. they do not have many opportunities, don’t see themselves going to university) - family and community support - stability of living environment: parents did not kick the teen out - involvement of the father: more involved physically, and possibly financially - no history of abuse, especially sexual abuse

Answer 72

prevalence of rape myths such as “she asked for it by the way she was dressed,” “because she invited me to her place” - people who commit rape believe these things to be true gender role stereotyping that encourages male dominance, aggression, and competition - hypermasculinity - in U.S., we see higher rates of individuals who would be accused of sexual assault to be seen in groups associated with hypermasculinity (ie. collegiate and professional athletes, military, fraternities)

Answer 73

length of relationship can change this ie. individuals in a new relationship are more likely to be engaging in higher sexual activity

Answer 74

see 3.5x more cohabiting households than 35 years ago - Quebec and territories have significantly higher rates - other provinces: 16%, Quebec: 40%

Answer 75

- individuals with lower levels of education and income are more likely to cohabit, and less likely to marry - ethnic minorities are more likely to have lower levels of education and income, and so they are more likely to cohabit than caucasians

Answer 76

reduce conflict between parents (during and after divorce process) - many of the long-term problems are the result of conflicts present between parents even 10-20 years creating secure attachment - children who have secure attachment to one or both parents have less short-term and long-term problems reducing number of transitions - trying not to change residences, school districts

Answer 77

- no differences in children growing up in lesbian/gay families vs. heterosexual families - sometimes children in lesbian/gay families can be better off - 30-40 years ago, most indicators were suggesting that children were worse off in lesbian/gay families

Answer 78

research indicated that they have higher academic achievement and score higher on social competency (peer relationships)

Answer 79

authoritative authoritarian permissive/indulgent indifferent

Answer 80

high responsiveness and high demandingness - best for children - does expect unquestioning obedience - open to negotiation - rules are explained so children can learn cause and effect

Answer 81

low responsiveness and high demandingness - dictator; expects obedience without question (“because I said so”, “my house my rules”) - rarely explains rules - not open to negotiation - has unrealistically high expectations for maturity and compliance

Answer 82

high responsiveness and low demandingness - make no demands, and have no control over the children - low expectations for maturity - provide little routine for consistency

Answer 83

low responsiveness and low demandingness - rarely involved in child’s life - wants to spend as little time as possible in parenting and child interaction

Answer 84

- high self-esteem, but tempered with humbleness and concern for others - learn to monitor their own behaviour - more likely to become leaders - high academic achievement, reasoning abilities, empathy, and altruism - cooperative with peers, siblings, and adults - exhibit psychosocial maturity - more likely to seek advice from parents than peers or internet - likely to produce a responsible, respectful, and contributing member of society

Answer 85

- lower academic achievement - lower psychosocial maturity - are more dependent, passive, and conforming - less self-assured - lack opportunities to develop skills such as compromise and conflict resolution - lower levels of self-esteem, feel less competent, and don’t feel accepted for who they are - more likely to seek advice from peers or internet than parents - likely to become followers than leaders because they lack confidence to make decisions on their own

Answer 86

- spoiled, they were not socialized - never learn to monitor their own behaviour because parents never forced any rules or limits - typically have trouble following rules when they are exposed to them (don’t care about the rules) - little training in self-regulation and independence, and as a result, are likely to lack impulse control - not likely to become leaders—over competence in abilities can be off putting to others, and they are unable to see the big picture because they are self-absorbed - lower academic achievement - less mature, self-reliant, and socially responsible - more likely to consult their peers or the internet than parents

Answer 87

- not socialized - low academic achievement, lack impulse control - experience peer rejection - experience early sexual involvement and substance use - more likely to become aggressive, delinquent, and antisocial - may realize they have a social effect on others, but don’t care because no one cared about them

Answer 88

the way parents parent reflects their value system, perception of their role in larger society, and desire to teach their children where they will fit in in larger society once they reach adulthood

Answer 89

determined collectively by looking at a person’s education, occupation, and income

Answer 90

concerted cultivation approach

Answer 91

tend to be very child-centred, actively assess child’s skills and abilities, orchestrate leisure and extracurricular activities to enhance those skills and abilities - extracurricular activities provide children with social capital/connections that can later further their education and work experiences - more likely to use authoritative parenting style, include children in decision-making, talk more with their children and ask their children to talk more with them

Answer 92

accomplishments of natural growth approach

Answer 93

tend to be parent-centred because they have less time and resources to focus on cultivating talent - children have more free-flowing time to create their own activities at their own pace - children have more contact with extended family (perhaps as secondary caretakers) - more likely to use an authoritarian parenting style and expect their children to comply - more likely to talk at children, not with them, to limit verbal interaction

Answer 94

pros: more likely to be successful educationally and in careers cons: bored easily, express themselves less creatively, less close relationships with extended family, more likely to have a sense of entitlement

Answer 95

pros: more creative, less bored, closer relationships with extended family cons: more likely to have a job rather than a career, sense of constraint and limitation, and less access to social capital

Answer 96

- more likely to be young and single - typically under financial stress, experiencing daily frustration with their children, and have fewer supports to deal with those issues - more often it is the mother doing the spanking (due to them spending more time with the children than fathers) - 93% of parents who spank justify its use, but 85% do not want to do it (they admit that they were angry, and wish there were alternatives—”tools”)

Answer 97

- be good role models for close relationships | - facilitate cooperativeness and conflict resolution (get older children to resolve conflicts on their own)

Answer 98

- parents who fight with each other and their own siblings - parents that use punitive parenting (authoritarian) - parents that forms insecure attachment - parents express favouritism (unless justified, ie. due to age)

Answer 99

- helps get exercise, promote gross and fine motor skills, helps with muscle strength and control - create rules = learning how to explain their ideas and emotions, help develop prosocial skills (= more likely to participate in school, and have higher academic achievement)

Answer 100

practice of promoting children to the next grade even when they have not met the academic standards ie. child in grade 1 did not meet the basic standards of grade 1 but you move them to grade 2 anyways—relatively common

Answer 101

practice of holding children back ie. child in grade 1 did not meet the basic standards of grade 1, so instead of socially promoting them to grade 2, you hold them back and repeat grade 1 again

Answer 102

- students who have frequent unexcused absences—associated with uninvolved parents, parents who abuse drugs and alcohol - cognitive and social immaturity—intellectually it does not seem that they can master the information, or socially they are not on rank with their peers - often times, the perspective of the educators and parents is the belief that an extra year will produce successful academic outcomes—repeating grade 1 will have them ready for grade 2

Answer 103

- not many positive outcomes - usually do not fare as well as those who were socially promoted (ie. when two students are similar but one is socially promoted and one is retained, we assume that the child who is retained will do better, however, we typically see poor performance in reading and math, still have poor school performance (probably because the problem that is causing this is not being addressed), more social and emotional difficulties, like school less) - long-term: children who are retained are 2x more likely to drop out of high school than those who are socially promoted - seems better to socially promote children than retain them

Answer 104

- affects child’s level of motivation - children raised by parents with a fixed mindset have a tendency to view their own skills and abilities as fixed as well, and so they adopt a learned helplessness orientation because their parents have a fixed mindset (children learn that their skills and abilities cannot be improved upon) - children with parents who believe that their abilities are changeable are more likely to take on a growth mindset and mastery orientation - when parents believe that their children’s abilities are unchangeable, they provide few opportunities for their children to improve, and may even ignore positive changes in children’s skills and abilities (reinforces fixed mindset)

Answer 105

- parents can significantly influence the career choice of their children - even before we think about career development, parents influence their children’s educational attainment and level of education, which is related to future work - parent’s occupation can be influential on children’s choices - parents serve as role models

Answer 106

it will provide vocational influences as opposed to parents who can't facilitate anything beyond high school

Answer 107

- exposes children to those options | - children think about doing what their parents do for a living

Answer 108

- on how they feel about education, and the importance of education - how they feel about certain occupations over others - how parents feel about work in general (like their job, only have this job due to necessity)

Answer 109

work outside the home, go to work, come home

Answer 110

work done at home to take care of family and household

Answer 111

unpaid work - has to do with the discrepancy in the amount of hours spent doing unpaid work

Answer 112

research shows that women spend 17.5 hours a week, while men spend 10.5 hours a week—related to the fact that women are seen as the primary caretakers of children so they are doing more of the unpaid work

Answer 113

do not see an imbalance in the amount of hours in lesbian/gay couples - both spend equal number of hours on unpaid work—related to the fact that in these couples, there isn’t one person who is seen as the primary caretaker

Answer 114

- early 1900s: most young children died from pneumonia, flu, tuberculosis - advances in medicine contributes to the decreasing mortality rates of infants and young children

Answer 115

first month of life

Answer 116

second month to 1 year

Answer 117

combination of neonatal and postneonatal (birth to 1 year)

Answer 118

- leading cause of death: genetic abnormality - second most common cause of death: premature babies - third most common cause of death: SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

Answer 119

- leading cause of death: accidents | - second most common cause of death: homocide (from child abuse)

Answer 120

- leading cause of death: accidents (car accidents, drowning) - second most common cause of death: unintentional poisoning (accidental drug overdose) - start seeing suicide is a cause of death

Answer 121

children usually experience grief for their parent for a longer period of time than do adults ie. if you have a 5 year old whose parent passes away vs. 45 year old whose parent passes away, 5 year old will experience grief longer

Answer 122

- when a child has a parent that passes away, the loss has a significant effect on their development - many children strive to maintain a connection with the deceased parent by talking to them, holding on to a symbolic object