Chapter 5: Health

Question 1

What is infant mortality?

Answer 1

rate at which death occurs in the first year of life

Question 2

What is infancy?

Answer 2

first year of life

Question 3

What are the causes of infant mortality?

Answer 3

most likely something that is beyond the control of the birth mom

• congenital malformations
• chromosomal abnormalities
• low birth weight

Question 4

What are the most common causes of death in 2-17 year olds?

Answer 4

motor vehicle accident and drowning

Question 5

What are the individual and contextual factors putting children at risk for injury and death?

Answer 5

poor caretaker supervision (most often)
- characteristics of children can make them difficult to supervise (overactive, difficult temperament)

socioeconomic status (SES)
- disadvantaged neighbourhood: lacks resources for well-maintained parks, upkeep on sidewalks and potholes, safety

Question 6

What is child abuse?

Answer 6

any intentional harm to a minor

- physical and sexual abuse

Question 7

What age group experiences the most child abuse?

Answer 7

0-3 experience the most maltreatment because they are the most vulnerable (can’t speak up for themselves, can’t seek help from others)

Question 8

What is child neglect?

Answer 8

child is deprived of adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care
- usually not malicious and intentional

Question 9

What are mandated reports?

Answer 9

people legally obligated to report suspected child maltreatment

• report to child protective services, law enforcement, child abuse hotlines
• more likely to notice if something is going on
• ie. teachers, coaches

Question 10

What are the effects of child maltreatment?

Answer 10

• effects on brain development may not heal completely

- socioemotional effects

Question 11

What are the effects of child maltreatment on brain development?

Answer 11

• more long-term damage

- exposure to physical harm and prolonged stress can alter the course of brain development

Question 12

What are the socioemotional effects of child maltreatment?

Answer 12

• poor coping skills
• difficulty regulating emotions and impulses
• have difficult time understanding their own emotions and the emotions of others
• at risk for long-term psychological disorder and behaviour problems
• difficult to sustain relationships and friendships

Question 13

What are the risk factors for child maltreatment?

Answer 13

• child characteristics
• parent characteristics
• societal factors

Question 14

What are the child characteristic risk factors for child maltreatment?

Answer 14

children with special needs or low birth weight are at higher risk

Question 15

What are the parent characteristic risk factors for child maltreatment?

Answer 15

• some parents perceive normal child behaviour as being stubborn and non-compliant, therefore they feel like they need to get them in shape (coming from parents who don’t have knowledge of standard child development, and have expectations of how their child should be)
• bad impulse, coping skills
• marital instability, substance abuse

Question 16

What are the societal risk factors for child maltreatment?

Answer 16

• accept violence has a normal occurrence (ie. ways it is portrayed in the media)
• conservative, religious, and political views → some parents believe they have the right to do whatever they want with their child and discipline them physically

Question 17

Statistics: Alcohol Use in Canada

Answer 17

• grades 7-9: 23% use alcohol
• grades 10-12: 65% use alcohol
• university students: 69% use alcohol

Question 18

What is binge drinking?

Answer 18

consuming 5 (for men) or 4 (for women) or more drinks in one sitting

Question 19

Statistics: Binge Drinking in Canada

Answer 19

• grades 7-12: 24%

- university students: 35%

Question 20

How much alcohol use serve developmental function?

Answer 20

• way adolescents assert independence and autonomy from their parents
• like to participate in risky behaviour
• may help them forms social relationships
• help them learn about themselves

Question 21

What are the biological effects on adolescents when they consume too much alcohol?

Answer 21

• brain is more sensitive to neurological damage

- brain shows more cognitive impairment in response to alcohol

Question 22

Why someone whose brain is still developing not be consuming alcohol?

Answer 22

the brain is much more susceptible to damage that can be caused by alcohol and substance use
- once the brain is developed, then the effects on the brain are a lot less

Question 23

How do alcohol use change throughout the lifespan?

Answer 23

use increases during transition to adulthood and then declines with transition into adult roles (career, marriage, parenthood)

Question 24

What are the health consequences of smoking?

Answer 24

• linked with cancer, heart disease, heart attacks, vascular disease, stroke, brain aneurysms
• responsible for ⅕ deaths in Canada every year

Question 25

Why is it difficult to stop smoking?

Answer 25

- nicotine are highly addictive - withdrawal symptoms (typically only last a few days) are difficult and painful (ie. irritable, cravings, high level of anxiety, difficulty paying attention)

Question 26

How are E-cigarettes viewed?

Answer 26

viewed as ‘safer’ than cigarettes but there is little research

Question 27

E-Cigarettes/Vaping Facts

Answer 27

- E-cigarettes purchased at convenience stores are ½ labeled as nicotine-free, but actually contained nicotine - Vitamin E Acetate: added to THC vaping liquid, safe to ingest, not safe to inhale - USA: 2807 hospitalizations for vaping-related illness, 68 deaths (37% were 18-24 year-olds (largest single age group)) - Canada: 19 vaping-related illnesses, 15 hospitalizations, no deaths - 84% of US diagnoses were of THC vapers (Vitamin E Acetate)

Question 28

Statistics: Marijuana Use in Canada

Answer 28

- average age of first use: 14 years old - 24% of 15-24 year olds report using cannabis in the last 3 months - statistics have not changed from prior to after legalization\ - males use cannabis more often, perceive it as less risky, and more likely to drive a car right afterwards

Question 29

What are the short-term effects of marijuana use?

Answer 29

- individuals who regularly use cannabis have impaired executive function, impaired memory, impaired recall, impaired attention

Question 30

When is the brain fully developed?

Answer 30

age 24

Question 31

What is executive function?

Answer 31

responsible for problem solving, abstract thinking and judgment

Question 32

What are reasons for marijuana use?

Answer 32

- people often use it once (experimentation) - coping with stress - to relax - to have fun

Question 33

What are the lifetime problems associated with marijuana use?

Answer 33

regular users have lower academic attainment, lower income, higher rates of unemployment, poor relationship satisfaction, poor life satisfaction

Question 34

Describe the addictive nature of marijuana.

Answer 34

active ingredient is THC that passes through bloodstream into brain and activates brain’s reward system → every single time the rewards system is activated, it needs more product for reward system to be activated at the same level → therefore regular users experience withdrawal symptoms and difficulty sleeping