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A&P cardio system part 2 > Final Exam A&P > Flashcards

Final Exam A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Circuit that pumps blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

Pulmonary circuit starts from what side of the heart?

A

Right side

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3
Q

In pulmonary circuit, what diffuses from blood into lungs?

A

CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

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4
Q

In pulmonary circuit, what diffuses from lungs into blood?

A

O2 (Oxygen)

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5
Q

In pulmonary circuit, blood returns to what side of the heart?

A

The left side

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6
Q

What circuit pumps blood to the tissues?

A

Systemic circuit

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7
Q

In systemic circuit, what side of the heart does it start?

A

Left side.

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8
Q

In systemic circuit, it delivers what to the body & head ?

A

O2 (Oxygen)

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9
Q

In what circuit picks up CO2 & waste from cells of body & head?

A

Systemic circuit.

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10
Q

In systemic circuit, which side of the heart does the blood return ?

A

Right side of heart

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11
Q

Blood flow of deoxygenated blood

A

Superior & inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk/PA
Lungs

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12
Q

blood flow of oxygenated blood

A

Lungs
4 pulmonary veins
coronary arteries
left atrium
left ventricle
Aorta
Body & head

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13
Q

What valve is between the right atrium & the right ventricle ?

A

Tricuspid Valve

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14
Q

What valve is in between the left atrium & left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid (Mitral valve)

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15
Q

Flow of blood

A

begins w/ deoxygenated blood
1. Sup&inf vena cava
- Right atrium & coronary sinus same time
- Tricuspid valve
2. Right ventricle
- pulmonary semilunar valve
3. Pulmonary trunk
4. Pulmonary arteries
-lung tissue
OXYGENATED START
5. Pulmonary veins
6. left atrium
- bicuspid valve
7. Left ventricle
- aortic semilunar valve
8. Aorta
-coronary arteries
to heart tissues
then deoxygenated blood starts again with cor0nary sinus- cardiac veins into right atrium.

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16
Q

conducting system of the heart contains

A
  1. sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. AV bundle
  5. Purkinje fibers
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17
Q

What structure is the pacemaker of the conducting system?

A

The Sinoatrial (SA) node

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18
Q

Depolarization phase in cardiac muscle

A

causes voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open

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19
Q

early repolarization phase

A

voltage gated Na channels & some voltage gated Ca 2+ channels close.

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20
Q

Plateau phase

A

voltage gated Ca2 channels remain open

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21
Q

final repolarization phase

A

voltage gated Ca2 channels close
many more voltage gated K+ channels open.

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22
Q

EKG deflections

A

p wave
QRS complex
t wave

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23
Q

What happens in P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization which Result in atrial contractions.

AD—> AC

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24
Q

what happens in QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization results in ventricular contractions

VD —> VC

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25
Q

what happens in T wave?

A

represents ventricular repolarization precedes in ventricular relaxation.

VR–> VR

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26
Q

What happens in PQ interval ?

A

Atria are contracting & begin to relax.

Ventricle begin to depolarize

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27
Q

what happens in QT interval?

A

ventricles contract & begin to relax

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28
Q

Altered EKGs

A

heart rate > 100 bpm termed tachycardia

heart rate < 60 bpm termed bradycardia

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29
Q

what does Atrial flutter look like?

A

2-3 P waves for each QRS complex
caused by ectopic APs in the atria

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30
Q

what is characterized by no P waves; normal QRS complexes: irregular timing

A

Atrial fibrillation.

ventricles constantly stimulated by atria, reduced pumping effectiveness & filling time.

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31
Q

What is characterized by no QRS complexes; no rhythmic contraction of myocardium

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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32
Q

characterized by occasional shortened intervals between contractions

A

premature atrial contractions

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33
Q

characterized by prolonged QRS complexes; exaggerated voltage; inverted T wave

A

Premature ventricular contractions

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34
Q

atrial contraction called

A

atrial systole

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35
Q

ventricles relax called

A

ventricular diastole

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36
Q

first heart sounds is described as

A

Lubb

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37
Q

what sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole caused by vibration of AV valves & fluid as AV valves close

A

“lubb”

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38
Q

second heart sound is described as

A

“dubb”

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39
Q

what sounds occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole as semilunar valves in aorta and pulmonary artery close

A

” dubb”

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40
Q

layers of the blood veesel wall

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunic externa

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41
Q

what layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of smooth muscle?

A

Tunica media

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42
Q

what layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of connective tissue ?

A

Tunica externa

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43
Q

what layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of epithelial cells?

A

tunica interna

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44
Q

types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

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45
Q

walls have no gaps between endothelial cells and less permeable to large molecules

A

continuous capillaries

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46
Q

plasma membrane forms very thin, porous diaphragm, highly permeable

A

Fenestrated

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47
Q

larger fenestrae, gaps can exist between endothelial cells.

A

sinusoidal capillaries

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48
Q

which capillaries have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells

A

sinusoidal capillaries

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49
Q

what are the structures involved in the capillary network?

A

Arteriole,
metarteriole, thoroughfare channel,
precapillary sphincter
atrial capillaries
venous capillaries
venule.

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50
Q

capillary that have regions where their enodthelial cells have no cytoplasm and in some cases even have gap in the plasma membrane but no gaps

A

fenestrated

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51
Q

where blood moves from one capillary network to another.

A

portal system

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52
Q

what example is this, blood in the hypothalamus and they use the hypothalamophosis portal system to move that blood to the pituary gland where there could be a different capillary network.

A

example of a portal system

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53
Q

parts of the aorta

A

1, ascending aorta
2. aortic arch
3. descending aorta
further divided into thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta

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54
Q

3 vessels that branch from the aortic arch

A
  1. brachiocephalic artery
  2. left common carotid
  3. left subclavian artery
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55
Q

3 vessels that supply blood to the brain

A
  1. Internal carotid artery
  2. vertebral arteries
  3. circle of willis
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56
Q

3 vessels that drain the brain

A
  1. internal jugular veins
    2.
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57
Q

a clot that had initially formed on a blood vessel wall but has broken off and traveled through the bloodstream

A

Embolus

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58
Q

a clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel at a site of damage

A

thrombus

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59
Q

blood loss from a ruptured vessel

A

Hemorrhage

60
Q

difference between thoracic & abdominal aorta

A

thoracic aorta- portion of the descending aorta superior to the diaphragm

abdominal aorta - portion of descending aorta inferior to diaphragm.

61
Q

major arteries of upper limb

A

subclavian artery
axillary artery
brachial artery
radial artery
ulnar artery

62
Q

abdominal aorta visceral branches

A

superior mesenteric artery - small intestine
suprarenal arteries - supply adrenal gland
renal arteries- supply kidneys
Gonadal arteries - supply gonads
inferior mesenteric artery- large intestine, rectum.

63
Q

arteries of lower limb

A

common iliac artery
eternal & internal iliac
femoral artery
popliteal artery
anterior tibial artery

64
Q

vein of upper limb

A

cephalic vein
basilic vein
brachial vein
median cubital vein
brachial vein
radial vein
ulnar vein

65
Q

Allows for large and rapid changes to resistance of blood flow

A

Blood vessel diameter

66
Q

An increase in hematocrit causes

A

increased viscosity and increased resistance

67
Q

increases resistance and decreases blood flow

A

Vasoconstriction

68
Q

The tendency for a blood vessel’s volume to increase with increased blood pressure is called

A

compliance

69
Q

Heart rate is often assessed by detecting a pulse in the ____, which is on the anterior, lateral aspect of the wrist.

A

radial artery

70
Q

is a measure of the force blood exerts against blood vessel walls

A

Blood pressure

71
Q

flow is opposed by

A

resistance

72
Q

What changes rate of flow

A

Resistance changes greatly with vessel diameter
* Small change in diameter = large changes resistance

73
Q

Resistance is affected by several factors

A
  1. Blood viscosity- changes slowly
  2. Vessel length
  3. Vessel diameter- great impact
74
Q

a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow

A

Viscosity: As viscosity increases, more pressure is required to force it to flow

75
Q

As blood is forced out of L Ventricle, it produces a pressure wave, or ?

A

pulse along the arteries

76
Q

the most prevalent class of proteins in plasma, and is helpful in regulating water movement between the blood & surrounding tissue?

A

albumins

77
Q

following is a type of protein in blood plasma, and is a vital component in the formation of blood clots?

A

fibrinogen

78
Q

Antibodies belong to which of the following groups of plasma proteins?

A

Globulins

79
Q

what are the formed elements in the blood?

A

RBC,WBC, & platelets

80
Q

function of red blood cells “erythrocytes”

A

transport O2 & CO2

81
Q

functions of white blood cells “leukocytes”

A

immune response

82
Q

function of platelets “thrombocytes”

A

involved in blood clotting

83
Q

what are the components of hemoglobin ?

A

1 polypeptide chain (globin), 1 heme, 1 iron. 2. aplha and 2 beta chain

84
Q

what component of hemoglobin directly binds oxygen?

A

iron

85
Q

how is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A

converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ion

86
Q

how is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

combined with hemoglobin

87
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

the cessation of bleeding

88
Q

what is coagulation?

A

vascular spams & platelet plugs can only close small tears cuts in vessel walls

89
Q

common pathway coagulation order

A

Factor X
to
Prothrombinase
to
Prothrombin
to
thrombin
to
Fibrinogen
to fibrin

90
Q

Clear fluid containing water and solutes, and traveling in lymphatic vessels, is called _____.

A

lymph

91
Q

lymph with absorbed fats traveling in lacteals is called

A

chyle

92
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

where lymphocytes become immunocompetent— able to launch an
immune response
* Red bone marrow
* Thymus
* Red bone marrow is location where
lymphocytes originate
* Pre-B cells become
immunocompetent in red bone
marrow
* Pre-T cells become
immunocompetent in thymus

93
Q

secondary lymphatic organ & tissue

A

where lymphocytes
interact with each other, other
immune cells, foreign bodies/
microorganisms to produce an
immune response
* Include:
* Lymphatic nodules, incl. tonsils
* Lymph nodes
* Spleen
* Diffuse lymphatic tissue

94
Q

Pre-B cells become immunocompetent in ___.

A

red bone marrow

95
Q

function of spleen

A

Destroying defective RBCs
* Macrophages phagocytize old/damaged RBCs
* Detecting & responding to foreign bodies in blood

96
Q

___________ immunity is non-specific; it is the same each time the body encounters a threat.

A

Innate

97
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Subsequent encounters with a foreign substance are recognized and responded to
quicker, because of previous encounter

98
Q

Adaptive immunity is the ability of lymphocytes to recognize, respond to, & “remember” a
substance that is called

A

an antigen

99
Q

antigen produced in the cell

A

endogenous

100
Q

antigen if obtained from outside the cell

A

exogenous

101
Q

Antigens found within a body cell can be attached to a(n) _____________ (while still in the cell) & then presented on the outside of the cell.

A

Major histocompatability complex molecule

102
Q

Method of recognition by lymphocytes often involves
interaction with

A

Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) molecules

103
Q

display endogenous
antigens- those produced in the cell

A

MHC class I molecules

104
Q

display exogenous
antigens- those obtained
from outside the cell

A

MHC class II molecules

105
Q

The type of lymphocyte that typically is the first to binds MHC Class II molecules & begin to proliferate is a

A

Helper T cell

106
Q

——– are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
Reticular cells

A

T cells

107
Q

The first to recognize the antigen in MHC Class I Become activated when exposed to their specific antigen
* Antigen is presented by MHC Class I molecules, which helps ID
abnormal or infected cells
* Activation leads to proliferation…

A

Cytotoxic T cells

108
Q

For MHC Class II molecules, ——
are usually the first to recognize the antigen

A

Helper T cells

109
Q

Antibodies that are transferred from a mother to her child through breast milk is an example of _____ acquired adaptive immunity

A

passive natural

110
Q

in MCH Class II, the Helper T cell
begins to divide Daughter cells can find & stimulate

A

B cells or cytotoxic T cells

111
Q

B cells & Cytotoxic T cells then proliferate: responsible for immune
response that destroys antigen and Become

A

Memory Helper T cells- long lived!

112
Q

ACQUIRING ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY– individual is exposed to antigen & individual’s immune
system responds

A

Active immunity

113
Q

another person or animal develops immunity, which is transferred to another individual

A

passive immunity

114
Q

ACQUIRING ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY can also be

A

Natural- occurs through everyday living; not intentional
* Artificial- deliberate introduction of antigen or antibody

115
Q

antibodies produced by another person or animal are injected

A

Passive artificial immunity

116
Q

antibodies from the mother are transferred to her child across the placenta or in milk

A

passive natural

117
Q

antigens are delibertaletly introduced in a vaccine

A

active artificial

118
Q

antigens are introduced through natural exposure

A

active natural immunty

119
Q

The volume of air remaining in respiratory passages & lungs after the most forceful expiration is called ___.

A

Residual volume

120
Q

increase volume in thoracic cavity

A

Muscles of Inspiration

121
Q

decrease volume in thoracic cavity
by depressing ribs & sternum

A

Muscles of expiration

122
Q

When volume in the thoracic cavity increases

A

prressure in the thoracic cavity decreases and air flows into the thoracic cavity.

123
Q

sum of IRV, TV, ERV

A

Vital capacity

124
Q

sum of IRV, TV, ERV, AND residual volume

A

Total lung volume

125
Q

volume inspired/expired with each normal breath

A

Tidal volume

126
Q

volume of air that can be forcefully inspired after a normal
inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

127
Q

Volume of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

128
Q

circular fold

A

formed by mucosa
& submucosa (perpendicular to& submucosa (perpendicular to
length of sm. int.)length of sm. int.

129
Q

projections of mucosa

A

villi

130
Q

cytoplasmic extensions of epithial cells

A

microvilli

131
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

132
Q

femele gametes

A

oocyte

133
Q

at 4 months fetal development

A

oogonia

134
Q

at birth many oogonia have degenerated remain one produce

A

primary oocytes

135
Q

at puberty, primary oocytes periodically resume to produce the

A

secondary oocyte

136
Q

oocytes develop in

A

follicles

137
Q

at birth, female have primary oocytes located in

A

primordual follicle

138
Q

at puberty, some primordial follicle become

A

primary follicles, where granulosa cells form

139
Q

hormonal changed stimulate some follicles to continue to develop

A

theca.
theca interna- cells that help produce ovarian hormones
theca externa- connective tissue that merges with stroma of ovary

140
Q

the initial cell formed when two gametes, typically an egg cell (ovum) and a sperm cell, fuse during fertilization.

A

zygote

141
Q

follicular cells that remain in ovary become the

A

corpus lutem

142
Q

if pregnacy does follow ovulation what enlarges and remains active

A

Corpus luteum

143
Q

if pregnancy does NOT follow ovulation what is functionsl for 10-12 days then begins to degenerate

A

corpus luteum.

144
Q

If fertilization DOES occur, the :developing embryo produces

A

human chorionic gonadotropin HCG

keeps corpus luteum from degenerating

estro and progestrone level stays high

145
Q

if fertilization does NOT occur

A

no HCG
pro and estro levels decreases

146
Q

uterine cycle divide into

A

menses - mild hemorrhage
proliferative phase- endometrium begins to regenerate

estrogen causes remaining epithial cells to divide rapidly & replace those lost

secretory phase -

147
Q
A

A&P cardio system part 2 (6 decks)

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