Final exam Animal nutrition

Question 1

what is the role of electrolytes?

Answer 1

Help maintain osmotic pressure and acid- base balance

Question 2

Name three electrolytes. are they cations or anions.

Answer 2

potassium, sodium cation.

chlorine anion.

Question 3

what are electrolytes?

Answer 3

ion that has an electrical charge and conducts electrical energy currents across a membrane.

Question 4

name two example of electrolytes in the body where they control the movement of nutrients?

Answer 4

Na/K pump on basal membrane, chlorine keeps water in cell balenced and from freely flowing.

Question 5

what can defiencys in eletrolytes cause?

Answer 5

slow growth, metabolism issues.

Question 6

what electrolyte is higher inside the cell

Answer 6

potassium.

Question 7

what electrolytes are higher outside the cell

Answer 7

na, cl.

Question 8

what are four functions of ion gradients?

Answer 8

maintain osmotic pressure, co- transport of nutrients like glucose and AA, nerve signaling, muscle contraction.

Question 9

are electrolytes stored?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

what can cause deficiencies in electrolyte and hwat can happen when ion concentraions are not correct.

Answer 10

diherea, sweating.

Question 11

alll k, na, cl in the body is in what

Answer 11

tissue and cellular fluids

Question 12

wwhat is an example of a common electrlyte deficnecy

Answer 12

horse exercising as horse sweat cotains much higher na and cl

Question 13

electrolytes have to be a __ __.

Answer 13

dietary component.

Question 14

does a light or heavy excerise have more electrolyte loss?

Answer 14

heavy.

Question 15

Light excerise can lead to ___ loss. Animal will still have good amounts of ___, triggering ___. A heavily excerised animal has __ and __ loss. It will not want to ___ unless it gets more ___ in body.

Answer 15

water, electrolytes , thirst.

water and electrolye, drink, electrolytes.

Question 16

sulfur itself is/is not essential.

Answer 16

not

Question 17

why is sulfur important in body.

Answer 17

for organic metabolites like amino acids, vitamins, and glycoproteins.

Question 17

dietary sulfur is most important in ___ diets. why?

Answer 17

ruminant, especially when feeding urea. Microbes in rumen need urea to produce thymine and AA that contain sulfur.

Question 18

What is the nitrogen to slufur recommendation in the ruminant diet?

Answer 18

10:1

Question 19

excessive amounts of sulfur can cause?

Answer 19

effect how copper is used in body and cause feedlot disease.

Question 20

feed lot diease occurs mostly when

Answer 20

lots of byproducts are used in feed or high sulfur content in water.

Question 21

why is S toxicity becoming a bigger problem.

Answer 21

1. feeding more byproducts like distillers grains from ethanol plants that use sulfuric acid to clean their tanks.

Question 22

PEM or feedlot disease causes what symptoms?

Answer 22

1. holding head back, turned back and foward, stargazing
2. cannot stand
3. blindness
4. coma

Question 23

why does pem of feedlot disease occur?

Answer 23

1. high S content blocks cell metabolism, thymine deficiency
2. cells starve themselves, mostly in central nervous system
3. in response to high s content rumen makes H2S which passes into the bloodstream

Question 24

where is sulfur stored in body?

Answer 24

soft tissues

Answer 25

soft tissues

Question 26

where is ca, p, and mg stored

Answer 26

bone

Question 27

why why is severe macro mineral toxicity/deficiency rare today?

Answer 27

water quality, unsual feeds

Question 28

macro vs trace mineral?

Answer 28

trace refers to micromineral. difference is amount needed in the diet.

Question 29

what is a trace mineral

Answer 29

mineral required in ppm or ppb range.

Question 30

what is one part per million? what about parts per billion?

Answer 30

one minute in two years. 1 second in 31.7 years.

Question 31

if u aif you are mixing a 2000 lb batch of feed and need to include a tm at 1 ppm how much do u need.

Answer 31

2000/1,000,000 is 0.002

Question 32

how do u measure ppb concentrations?

Answer 32

atomic absorption spectroscopy. each mineral has a specific wavelength used to determine concentration .

Question 33

cobalt is a structural component of vitamin ? what does this vit do

Answer 33

b12. synthesis of RBC.

Question 34

what can cobalt deficiency cause

Answer 34

anemia, b12 deficiency

Question 35

what classification of animals need cobalt and why?

Answer 35

ruminants. ruminant microbes produce vitamin b12 that need cobalt.

Question 36

iodine is a component of what?

Answer 36

thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Question 37

wwhat can iodine deficiency cause

Answer 37

goiter, hairlessness, prevents thyroxin production

Question 38

what prec=cent of the bodys iodine is in the thyroid

Answer 38

70 to 80

Question 39

why does lack of iodine cause thyroid gland to enlarge?

Answer 39

the throid expands and overworks itself.

Question 40

what can happen when there is a zinc deficiency?

Answer 40

- poor growth especially bone - parakeratosis (rough, weird growth) - impaired male repro system

Question 40

what are zinc functions in the body?

Answer 40

protein snythesis and insulin secretion, DNA binding, metalloenzymes that prevent tissue damage

Question 40

what can cause zinc deficiency

Answer 40

- high phytate diet (grain) -high calcium

Question 41

what can iron deficiency cause?

Answer 41

anemia, poor immune response, abortion

Question 41

what does iron do in body?

Answer 41

part of hemoglobin and myoglobin in RBC

Question 42

what is iron 2

Answer 42

ferrous oxide

Question 43

what is iron three

Answer 43

ferric oxide

Question 44

how is iron absorbed

Answer 44

iron three is converted to iron 2 and ion gradient transports iron two into body and then is converted back to iron three on release into blood

Question 44

where is iron absorbed

Answer 44

duodenum

Question 45

what is iron deficiency most common in and why

Answer 45

newborn pig because they have low iron stores, sows milk is low in iron, rapid growth.

Question 46

what is most common human nutrient deficiency

Answer 46

iron

Question 47

common signs of anemia in human?

Answer 47

fatigue, pale, poor appetite

Question 48

what does copper do in body?

Answer 48

- collagen and elastin synthesis - hair pigmentation -copper dependent enzyme helps synthesis of iron

Question 49

what mostly gets copper toxicity

Answer 49

sheep as they often are fed diet from other species or sheep in west grazing

Question 50

How does copper toxicity happen

Answer 50

- copper builds up in liver over time -liver releases copper when has to much, and levels rise in blood stream

Question 50

what can prevent copper toxicity in sheep

Answer 50

high molybdenum intake

Question 51

what does manganese do?

Answer 51

-bone formation (chondroitin sulfate) -metalloenzyme (carb and cholesterol synthesis) -joint health

Question 52

what can manganese deficiency cause?

Answer 52

poor bone and joint, bad glucose metabolism

Question 53

what is selenium a component of

Answer 53

glutathione peroxidase enzyme,

Question 54

what are signs of selenium toxicity

Answer 54

- staggering -hoof seperation

Question 54

what does selenium do

Answer 54

scavenges free radicals protects lipids

Question 55

if selenium is coupled with _ deficiency what happens

Answer 55

VIT E (biosubsitute) death, infertility.

Question 56

Trace minerals can be provided in what forms?

Answer 56

-sulfates -oxides -chelates

Question 57

what can make poo smell worse

Answer 57

sulfur

Question 58

organic forms of trace minerals do what?

Answer 58

- higher bioavailablity -more $$

Question 59

deficient soils can cause mineral issues to be

Answer 59

regional

Question 60

beta agonists are used to?

Answer 60

Used in meat animals in final month to: o Decrease adipose tissue accretion (marbling?) o Increase muscle accretion

Question 60

why is bst injected

Answer 60

b) It would be digested before being absorbed if it were fed

Question 61

what does growth hormone somoatropin or bst do

Answer 61

Like ractopamine, acts as a repartitioning agent o Decreases adipose tissue accretion o Promotes muscle accretion o Increases milk production by up to 15%

Question 62

what industry is bst used

Answer 62

dairy

Question 63

Many metabolic modifiers are injected why

Answer 63

they are proteins that would be digested if consumed

Question 64

what industry are steroid impants used and why. how are they delivered

Answer 64

beef. to promote muscle growth and improve feed efficiency ▪ Delivered in slow release capsules in the ear

Question 65

ionophore are toxic ___ to

Answer 65

non ruminant

Question 66

1. What is the primary target of ionophore antibiotics in the rumen?

Answer 66

gram pos bacteria which are slectively destoryed

Question 67

what type of compounds are ionophores

Answer 67

Ionophores are synthetic, polyether compounds

Question 68

what does reduction of GP bactera result in

Answer 68

-greater propionate production -less methane -imporved nitrogen use

Question 69

ionophores have ___ in human med

Answer 69

no use

Question 70

what are non ionophore produced by?

Answer 70

Non-Ionophore o Produced by a living organism to inhibit the growth of another organism