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Final Exam Cards Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage of O2 do we
generally breathe in and out?

A

In 21%, Out 16%

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2
Q

What percentage of CO2 do we
breathe in and out?

A

In .04%, Out 4%

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3
Q

What muscles contract to cause
inhalation?

A

Diaphragm, External Intercostals

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4
Q

Slow twitch, Type I muscles
fibers mainly use what metabolic
pathways?

A

Krebs/ETC

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5
Q

Fast twitch, Type IIx muscles
fibers mainly use what metabolic
pathway?

A

ATP-PC

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6
Q

Once the inhalation muscles
contract, air rushes into the lungs,
why?

A

The muscles pull a vacuum in the lungs, and since air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of
low pressure, air rushes into the lungs

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7
Q

Fast twitch, Type IIa muscles fibers rely on what metabolic pathway?

A

Mostly glycolysis, but it can also make ATP through ATP-PC and Krebs/ETC.

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8
Q

For fast energy, why does the body prefer to burn carbohydrates over fat?

A

Fat is slow burning and requires oxygen which is not available at high intensities. CHO creates ATP in small amounts, but very quickly.

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9
Q

What finger –like structure lines the trachea?

A

Cillia

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10
Q

What is the formula for
Ventilation?

A

Ve=TVxBF

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11
Q

Name two of the four factors that cause the brainstem to increase Breathing Frequency?

A
  • Increased blood CO2
  • Muscle contractions
  • Increase in body temperature
  • Increase in blood lactic acid
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12
Q

What metabolic pathway(s) will
be used for a 400-meter sprint that
lasts 50 seconds?

A

Glycolysis
(ATP-PC for the first 15 seconds, and
then glycolysis for the remaining
~35 seconds)

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13
Q

What is Ventilatory Threshold?

A

This is the point at which the rate
of ventilation increases (~ 70%) due
to the increased production of CO2

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14
Q

Why is it not possible to know
what kind of an athlete a child will
become?

A

They have an immature
metabolism

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15
Q

What metabolic pathway would
be most beneficial to train for a
soccer player?

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

If you do a high intensity
workout, what metabolic
processes will be used to replenish
glycogen levels?

A

Beta oxidation and deamination

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17
Q

Name the molecules that are shuttled to the mitochondria from
glycolysis and Krebs.

A

NADH, FADH2 (H+ is acceptable)

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18
Q

What metabolic pathway will be
used for a 40-yard sprint?

A

ATP-PC

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19
Q

Why is less O2 absorbed when turbulent air is in the alveoli?

A

Turbulent or chaotic air allows less O2 to be exchanged because
there is less contact with the alveolar wall.

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20
Q

What is the term that means using foods to create energy?

A

Metabolism

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21
Q

What is the term that means to break down foods and molecules to simpler parts?

A

Catabolism

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22
Q

What specific metabolic
pathway will be used for a
recreational jogger?

A

Krebs and ETC

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23
Q

What metabolism term means creating new molecules and structures from simpler ones?

A

Anabolism or Anabolic

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24
Q

Name the 3 body morphologies

Study These Flashcards
A

Endomorph, Mesomorph,
Ectomorph

25
Which metabolic pathway is not desirable from a training perspective?
Deamination and/or Keto-Acid modification
26
Interval training requires what two fuel sources?
Glucose and Fatty Acids
27
How many kcals are in a food with 1 gram Fat, 1 gram Carb, 1 gram protein?
17 (9+4+4=17kcals)
28
To improve one’s fitness & performance, one must push past what?
Your threshold
29
What are the steps to converting protein into fat?
Deamination, Keto-acid modification, reverse beta oxidation, lipogenesis
30
What is a specific challenge of respiratory biologists?
Understanding how gene expression is affected by the environment
31
What is one feature of COPD?
1.Labored breathing 2.Coughing/frequent infections 3.Respiratory acidosis
32
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
33
What is the main fuel used at a low intensity exercise below 70%?
Fat, but it depends on the tissue, because neurons prefer glucose.
34
What is the main fuel used at higher intensity above 70%?
Carbs
35
What is a difference between Blue bloaters and Pink Puffers?
Blue bloaters have chronic bronchitis while pink puffers have emphysema
36
36
What is emphysema?
Damaged/destroyed alveoli leads to large areas of trapped air in the lungs and difficulty breathing
37
What factor of Ventilation or Cardiac Output is the most limiting?
SV
38
How long does glycolysis last?
Glycolysis is always occurring, but at high intensity it can last for 15 seconds to several minutes
39
Why do we breathe oxygen?
So it can combine with H2 in the mitochondria to form water so the concentration gradient of H+ ions is maintained in the intermembrane space
40
Why does phase two of your ventilatory threshold have a steeper slope then phase 1?
Muscles produce CO2 and lactate which stimulates increased ventilation to attempt to rid the body of CO2
41
What is the fate of lactic acid?
It can be converted back to pyruvate or shuttled to the liver and converted to glucose
42
What does CO2 and Water combine to make in the blood?
Carbonic Acid or H2CO3
43
What is the bodies best buffer of protons (H+)
Hemoglobin
44
What happens to unneeded glucose?
It can be stored as glycogen or triglyceride
45
Interval training does what to the ventilatory threshold point?
Moves to the right
46
How long does the Krebs and ETC last?
Hours
47
Why can Dr. Hull cook at push-ups?
He shuttles lactate away from the muscle for use in the cori cycle. This means glycolysis can continue longer than in his students.
48
How does Le Chatelier’s Principle explain the two arrows that exist in most metabolic pathways?
Concentration can dictate the direction of the reaction
49
What metabolic system would be best to train for a football player?
ATP-PC
50
Increasing your lung volume would improve what?
Increase O2 extraction because the air has more time in the alveoli
51
What is keto acid modification?
Keto acids are converted to acetyl-CoA for use in the Krebs cycle
52
What happens during deamination?
Amino acids lose their nitrogen molecule and become keto acids
53
For fast energy, why does the body choose carbohydrates over fats?
Beta oxidation is slow compared with glycolysis
54
Fats and carbs cannot be converted to protein. Why?
Carbs and Fats do not have nitrogen
55
What enzyme produces ATP?
ATP Synthase
56
A person performing the shot put uses what metabolic pathway?
ATP -> ADP + P
57
Push-ups to exhaustion uses what metabolic pathways?
ATP-PC then glycolysis

Anatomy (11 decks)

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