Final exam ch2-5

Question 1

What is Newton’s first law?

Answer 1

An object will accelerate or decelerate only if acted upon by an outside (unbalanced) force

Question 2

What is Newton’s second law?

Answer 2

When a force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the same direction as the force, and the larger the force, the greater the acceleration

The greater the mass, the more force must be applied in order to achieve a given acceleration

Question 3

What is Newton’s third law?

Answer 3

For every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction (force)

Whenever a force is exerted upon an object, the object simultaneously exerts an equal and opposite force on whatever is applying the initial force

Question 4

What are pulse waves?

Answer 4

When a single disturbance travels through a medium

Question 5

What are longitudinal pressure waves?

Answer 5

Waves in which the particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave (particle motion is parallel to wave motion)

Question 6

Compression vs. rarefaction

Answer 6

Compressions: the collisions of air molecules that result in regions of increased density and air pressure

Rarefactions: the restorative force and momentum cause the air particles to separate, resulting in these regions of decreased density and air pressure

Question 7

What is the relationship between intensity and amplitude?

Answer 7

Intensity increases faster than amplitude (for a doubling of amplitude, there’s a quadrupling of intensity - intensity increases as the square of the amplitude - and when the amplitude is halved, intensity is decreased by four times)

Question 8

What is the inverse square relationship?

Answer 8

The relationship between intensity and distance from the source

Question 9

What is the speed of sound, and how is it determined?

Answer 9

The rate at which the pressure disturbance is transmitted from one particle to the next (determined by the properties of the medium through which the sound wave travels)

Question 10

What is the perceptual correlate of frequency?

Answer 10

Pitch

Question 11

What is the perceptual correlate of intensity?

Answer 11

Loudness

Question 12

What is the difference limen?

Answer 12

The minimal difference between two sounds that can be perceived as having different loudness levels (commonly at 1 dB, but for louder sounds ⅓ or ½ dB)

Question 13

Constructive vs. destructive interference

Answer 13

Constructive interference (reinforcement): the net effects of the amplification or rarefactions or compressions when waves meet

Destructive interference (cancellation): when the rarefaction of one wave interferes with the compression of another wave

Question 14

What is a boundary behavior?

Answer 14

How a sound wave is altered at a boundary

Question 15

What are the three types of boundary behaviors?

Answer 15

Reflection: bouncing backward off a boundary
- Incident wave: the original sound wave emanating back from the vibration source
- Reflected wave: the portion of the energy that returns back

Diffraction: bending around an obstacle without going through a boundary

Transmission: going through a boundary

Question 16

What is an object’s natural frequency?

Answer 16

The frequency at which an object vibrates most easily and with the largest amplitude

Question 17

What is a standing wave?

Answer 17

An interference pattern that appears to stand still; they depend on two or more waves being superimposed on each other, which occurs when waves meet a boundary (therefore, standing wave patterns are usually talked about concerning confined spaces)

Question 18

Free vs. forced vibration

Answer 18

Free vibration: occurs when an object or medium is allowed to vibrate freely after an initial disturbance

Forced vibration: a medium or object is driven by an outside force that is itself an oscillator

Question 19

What is an acoustic resonator?

Answer 19

A container in which the air that vibrates is partially or fully enclosed

Question 20

What is Boyle’s Law?

Answer 20

If the volume of a gas is increased, given a constant temperature, the pressure will decrease, and conversely, if the volume of a gas is decreased, the pressure will increase (an inverse relationship)

Question 21

How does breathing work?

Answer 21

Breathing is not like blowing up a balloon: instead of forcing the expansion of the lungs to accommodate an increase in the volume of air, the biomechanics of breathing are such that the size of the lungs is increased, causing a pressure drop, resulting in an inward rush of air

Question 22

Do the lungs contain muscle?

Answer 22

No, the lungs are 90% air and 10% solid tissue (blood vessels, connective tissues, respiratory tissue, and the bronchial tree passageway)

Question 23

How does gas exchange occur?

Answer 23

By diffusion (the chemical exchange of molecules across the membranes separating the capillaries and the alveoli)

Question 24

What three features must be present for diffusion to occur quickly?

Answer 24

A large surface area

A thin and permeable membrane

A high concentration gradient

Question 25

Muscle movements

Answer 25

Change in length of muscle: isotonic Concentric: tension greater than load, muscle shortens Isometric: tension equal to load, length of muscle remains unchanged Eccentric: tension less than load, muscle lengthens

Question 26

How is muscle load defined?

Answer 26

Load is defined by the internal and external body forces Internal forces: weight of the body parts involved, the opposing pull of other muscles External forces are those that act against a muscle from the outside (gravity, etc.)

Question 27

What are the main muscles of inspiration and expiration?

Answer 27

Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals Exhalation: internal intercostals

Question 28

What two factors enable lung volume changes?

Answer 28

Linkage between the lungs and the thoracic cavity Restorative forces of the lung tissues

Question 29

What is tidal volume?

Answer 29

The volume of air that is exchanged during any particular cycle of inhalation/exhalation

Question 30

When does forced inhalation occur?

Answer 30

At volumes above 60% VC

Question 31

When does forced exhalation occur?

Answer 31

When the volume of air in the lungs is moved out at a rate faster than during tidal breathing and/or a greater volume of air is exhaled than during tidal breathing (it’s an active process - not like quiet tidal breathing)

Question 32

Tidal breathing vs. breathing during physical exertion

Answer 32

Four important characteristics of tidal breathing - Each cycle returns to the resting lung volume - Each cycle uses about 10% of vital capacity - The inspiratory phase occupies approximately 40% of the duration of each cycle, while the expiratory phase is slower and takes up roughly 60% of each cycle - The cycles are similar to one another Four important characteristics of breathing during physical exertion - The cycles do not necessarily return to resting lung volume - The percentage of vital capacity used during each breathing cycle varies somewhat (depending on the needs of the individual) - The cycles are not necessarily 40% and 60% anymore, as both inhalation and exhalation are achieved actively - Cycles of breathing are not necessarily the same

Question 33

What is relaxation pressure?

Answer 33

A pressure which acts to return the breathing system to the resting expiratory level (the point of equilibrium) Gravity, elastic recoil of the ribs and lungs, and the surface tension of the alveoli

Question 34

What is transthoracic pressure?

Answer 34

The difference in pressure between the alveoli and the atmosphere; represents the amount of pressure needed to expand or contract the lungs and chest wall simultaneously

Question 35

What is a phrase breath group?

Answer 35

The number of words or syllables that are spoken on one exhalation

Question 36

What are the differences in timing between speech breathing and tidal breathing?

Answer 36

Tidal breathing: 40% inspiration, 60% exhalation Speech breathing: 10% inspiration, 90% exhalation

Question 37

Describe the Bernoulli effect

Answer 37

The pressure in a fluid decreases as its velocity increases

Question 38

Biomechanics of VF vibration

Answer 38

The onset of phonation: the arytenoid cartilages rock inward to adduct the VF lightly, closing the glottis partially or completely (VF are approximated) As the thoracic cavity is compressed to exhale (as voice production is done on the exhale), lung pressure increases below the glottis as the airflow meets the resistance of the closed VF Increased lung pressure pushes against the VF, and when the pressure is great enough to overcome the VF resistance, the folds are pushed laterally to open the glottis (note that the inferior border of the VF separates before the superior border, creating a triangle shape configuration referred to as a “convergent shaped glottis” - this convergent shape facilitates a relatively high lung pressure that forces the VF laterally) The upper margins separate due to the force of air pressure and the lateral pull of the elastic tissue When the glottis opens, airflow commences, and the lung pressure is greater than the pressure immediately above the glottis, causing a pressure drop across the VF (Venturi effect) The glottis shape becomes more of an inverted triangle (a divergent-shaped glottis), creating the Bernoulli effect

Question 39

What is the excitation of the supraglottal air mass?

Answer 39

With no air mass to follow behind it, the pressure above the VF drops, pulling back the upward column of air, and causing a collision of air molecules The compressions and rarefactions of air molecules caused by the sudden closure of the VF is referred to as the excitation of the supraglottal air mass When the vocal folds vibrate open and closed, the air becomes chopped into pulses of alternation compressions and rarefactions, each traveling up the vocal tract as an acoustic shock wave Glottal closure is, therefore, the event that results in acoustic excitation of the air in the vocal tract

Question 40

What is phonation threshold pressure?

Answer 40

The minimal lung pressure required for phonation Generally, a minimum lung pressure between 0.3 to 0.5 kPa is required to initiate phonation, and 0.1 to 0.2 kPa less is required to sustain phonation

Question 41

What are the different types of phonation onset?

Answer 41

Simultaneous (gentle) onset: phonation is initiated by simultaneous exhalation and adduction of the VF at midline Breathy (aspirate) onset: the exhalation and airflow through the glottis are initiated before the VF are adducted Glottal attack (hard onset of phonation): the VF are firmly approximated prior to initiating phonation

Question 42

How is fundamental frequency controlled?

Answer 42

The primary control of fundamental frequency is achieved by the cricothyroid muscle, secondary control by the thyroarytenoid muscles, and additional control by the lung pressure

Question 43

Contraction of which muscle increases f0?

Answer 43

The cricothyroid Contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle may either increase or decrease fundamental frequency Increased lung pressure raises fundamental frequency

Question 44

What is voice quality?

Answer 44

The listener's perception of the voice

Question 45

What is associated with breathy voice quality?

Answer 45

Associated with incomplete glottal closure during the closed phase of vibration (so a portion of air escapes through the glottis even though the VF should be completely adducted) Diminished intensity