final exam - chapter 15 and 8 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
marijuana
A
leafy material from the cannabis plant
2
Q
the effects of marijuana
A
sedation, pain relief, euphoria, hunger, halluncinations
3
Q
peak effect of marijuana
A
5-10 mind and lasts for 2 hours
4
Q
is lipid solubility of THC low or high
A
high
it is selectively taken up and stored in fatty tissue and releases slowly
5
Q
mechanism of action - what neurotransmitter is affected by marijuana and what does it do?
A
dopamine
CB1 receptors in brain and high level concentration of these in Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens
6
Q
Receptor types? where are they found?
A
CB1 receptors in the brain-CNS
CB2 receptors in immune cells
7
Q
self administration of THC
A
smoked - THC is absorbed rapidly
orally - THC absorbed more slowly in the liver
8
Q
true or false: marijuana cigarettes with higher THC are preferred?
A
true
9
Q
abuse potential of marijuana
A
oral THC does not have a high abuse potential
10
Q
regular users and withdrawal
A
they do not experience physiological withdrawal symptoms
11
Q
withdrawal symptoms of marijuana (mainly psychological) may be masked by what?
A
masked by long half life
12
Q
when does tolerance to marijuana effects happen?
A
after regular use of high levels of marijuana
13
Q
cognitive performance and marijuana
A
disrupts cognitive performance
- slowed cognitive processing
- impaired short term memory
- time distortion
- loss of sustained concentration or vigilance
- impaired visuospatial processing
14
Q
acute administration to infrequent users
A
disrupts cognitive performance
15
Q
acute administration to frequent users
A
-causes less dramatic effects
-slowed cognitive processing consistently seen
- impairment during certain workplace tasks can have significant effects
16
Q
appetite stimulation
A
increases appetite, increases total caloric intake
17
Q
effects on weight of marijuana use
A
can cause you to gain weight with increase appetite
18
Q
medical sues of cannabis - findings from institute of medicine report
A
- marijuana is relatively safe and effective medicine
- more research needs to be done
- an effective inhaler should be developed - poor oral absorption
- compassionate use of smoked marijuana cigarettes should be allowed for no more than six months
19
Q
cognitive effects on frequent/infrequent users
A
slowed cognitive processing
20
Q
tolerance of marijuana use
A
develops after regular use of high levels
21
Q
lab vs epidemiological
A
lab studies found that it marijuana produces significant impairment
epidemiological found little evidence that drivers who use marijuana alone are more likely to be involved in an accident
22
Q
lung cancer danger
A
weakly correlated
23
Q
smoking behavior - tobacco vs marijuana
A
- smoked fewer cigarettes a day
- but hold smoke deep in their lungs longer
- and joints typically do not filter
24
Q
reproductive effects of marijuana use
A
reduced testosterone = lower sperm
low birth weight and height in babies
25
immune system use of marijuana use
1. some evidence that marijuana use reduces immunity to infection
2. but CB2 receptor may be important in cancer
26
amotivational syndrome
heavy chronic users below 1. diminished motivation 2. impaired ability to learn 3. school and family problems
27
psychosis
collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality.
28
fluid pressure in eyes
marijuana reduces fluid pressure in eyes
- may be useful to glaucoma patients
29
dronabinol
to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting that may occur after treatment with cancer medicines
30
criticisms of the medical model
usually the only symptoms of mental disorders are behavioral and not physical and behaviors
31
anxiety disorders
characterized by excessive worry, fears, or avoidance
1. panic disorder
2. specific phobia
3. social anxiety
4. ocd
5. ptsd
6. generalized anxiety disorder
32
psychoses
serious mental disorders involving loss of contact with reality
33
malaria therapy was used to treat which mental disorder?
syphilitic infection
34
early drug therapy
narcosis, truth serum, insulin shock, convulsive, sedatives, ETC
35
narcosis
put on depressants but induced sleep - didnt solve the root problem
36
insulin shock
inducing comas with insulin
37
ECT - is it still used?
electrical stimulation of the brain
- still use today
38
frontal lobotomy
severing connection between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain
39
Walter Freeman
developed the frontal lobotomy
40
discovery of phenothiazines
tranquilizers, neuroleptics or antipsychotics that reduce symptoms without causing sedation
41
antipsychotics: mechanism of action
block dopamine receptors in the brain
42
two groups of antipsychotics
1. conventional antipsychotics produce pseudo parkinsonism: link to dopamine receptors
2. atypical anti psychotics block both D2 dopamine and serotonin receptors
43
time delay in drug effects
After reaching the receptor the process of binding to the receptor may be slow and contribute to delay in response.
44
what does lag indicate
a period of time before the medication kicks in
45
which creates more pseudoparkinsonism
conventional antipsychotics
46
which improves both negative and positive symptoms
atypical antipsychotics
47
Antipsychotics: side effects
not addictive
allergic reactions
photosensitivity
agranulocytosis
movement disorders
tardive dyskinesia
48
agranulocytosis
low white blood cell count
49
tardive dyskinesia
caused by a sensitivity in dopamine receptors = motor tics in face, tongue or body
50
antidepressants: major types
1. monoamine oxidase inhibitors
2. tricyclic antidepressants
3. SSRIs
51
MAOIs
increases availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
52
Tricyclic antidepressants
reduces the uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin
- discovered when working to create. better phenothiazine antipsychotic
53
SSRIs
reduces the uptake of serotonin
-safer than tricyclic antidepressants
54
SSNRIS
blocking the reabsorption (or reuptake) of serotonin and norepinephrine back into the nerve cells that released them
55
mechanism of action for SSRIs
increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin
- but lag period before improving mood
56
bupropion
works with SSRIs - dopamine and norepinephrine
57
trazodone
affects norepinephrine, serotonin, and sleep inducing
58
mood stabilizers
lithium
normalized mood in bipolar patients preventing both mania and depressed mood swings
- little effect of treating unipolar depression
59
lithium - why was acceptance slow
history of poisonings
low perception of the seriousness of mania
little exclusive reward for researching it
60
anticonvulsant drugs
valproic acid
61
consequences of drug treatment for mental illness
the number of people in mental hospitals declined dramatically following the induction of drugs that control symptoms of schizophrenia
62
changes for psychiatrists
less time spent doing psychotherapy
emphasis on establishing the appropriate drug regimen
63
civil rights issues
relating to hospitalizations = indefinite commitment to a hospital is unconstitutional
64
st johns wort
herbal medicine may reduce symptoms in people with mild-to-moderate, but not severe (or major) depression
65
deep brain stimulation
frontiers in treatment
66
animism and religion
animism = belief that animals, plants, rocks, have special characteristics from a spirit contained within the object
- commonly practiced in relgions
67
phantastica
68
psychedelic
69
psychotomimetic
mimics psychosis
70
etheogen and entactogen
entheogen -substances that are thought to create spiritual or religious experiences
entactogen - (produce a touching within) substances that can enhance feelings of empathy
71
classic phantastica/ major groups
72
LSD: Albert Hoffman and discovery
discovered LSD on accident because he was working with it and it got on his fingers
73
Ergotism
illness from mold that grows on grain
- causes headaches, vomiting, diarrhea and gangrene of fingers and toes
74
LSD potency
75
LSD early research an quality
a lot of research took place in 1950 and 1970
attempts were made to develop a model of psychoses and accessing mind
76
Timothy Leary
conducted research on the psychological effects of LSD and psilocybin
77
Dr. Richard
78
League of spiritual discovery
79
1996: greater controls
80
when did LSD use peak
1967 - 1968
81
LSD Pharmacology
82
LSD is orderless, colorless and tasteless
83
route of administration of LSD
usually orally and is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
84
1/2 life of LSD
3 hours
85
metabolism of LSD
rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and then is metabolized in the liver
86
tolerance of LSD
develops rapidly usually with 3-4 day
87
Cross tolerance ?
been shown between LSD, mescaline, psilocycbin
88
sympathomimetic
effects the sympathetic nervous system
-dilated pupils, elevated temp, and blood pressure
89
LSD and Serotonin
90
LSD experience synesthesia
when your brain routes sensory information through multiple unrelated senses, causing you to experience more than one sense simultaneously
91
time course of LSD trips
autonomic responses - first 20 minutes
half life of 3 hours
92
adverse reactions
larger doses - concentration and coordination difficulties, teeth grinding, and lack of appetite
- environment can effect this and induce more anxiety symptoms
93
flashbacks
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
- geometric hallucinations, false perceptions of movement, intensified colors
94
LSD secret army/CIA research (MK ultra)
soldiers were unknowingly administered doses of LSD
- drug effects were sometimes toxic
and people struggled with daily living
95
why was LSD secret army/CIA research (MK ultra) unethical
the soldiers did not know they were being given drugs and it is extremely dangerous to do that with such a powerful drug that most soldiers did not have experience with
96
psilocybin
magic mushroom
primary active ingredient in LSD
97
most well known psychoactive mushroom is psilocybe mexicana
psilocybe mexicana
98
psilocybin
primary active agent in psilocybe mexicana
- isolated from LSD and synthesized
99
dose and effects of LSD
100
good friday study - why was it poorly designed
ability of psilocybin to induce meaningful religious experiences were investigated
- groups were given the drug or placebo and then attended Good Friday service
101
morning glory and hawaiian baby woodrose seeds - why shouldnt you eat them
fuzzy outer coatings contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides which can make you sick
102
DMT route of administration and MAO
- ineffective when taken orally because it is metabolized by MAO before reaching the brain
- usually snuffed, smoked, or injected
103
"the business trip"
104
ayahuasca- harmaline - how does it change the DMT experience?
psychoactive tea used for shamanic, religious and medicinal purposes
- the vine of ayahuasca contains harmaline which is an MAO inhibitor that prevents DMT from being metabolized orally and letting it reach the brain
105
"endogenous" DMT speculatively linked to what disorder
106
peyote
small spineless cactus
is a hallucinogen
107
mescal beans or mescal liquor
108
what is the primary psychoactive agent found in peyote and is responsible for the vivd colors
mescaline
109
native american church
peyote use protected by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion
110
peyote use
Native Americans church incorporates peyote into its ceremonies
- It is an amalgamation of Christianity and the traditional beliefs and practices of native American
and as treatment for illness
111
mescaline: pharmacology
absorbed orally but doesn't readily pass the blood brain barrier
112
effects of low and high doses
low = primarily euphoric
high = full set of halluncinations
113
metabolism of mescaline
removed after 6 years
excreted in urine
114
overdose risk of mescaline
115
tolerance to mescaline
develops slowly
116
empathogen effects
increase a person's feeling of empathy and benevolence towards others, as well as feelings of being socially accepted and connected
117
past research of MDMA and problems with interpretation
118
is MDMA scheduled?
yes schedulele 1
119
what disorder might MDMA be used to treat?
PTSD
120
1-(1-phenylcyclohexlyl piperidine hydrohloride
intitially appeared to be a good anesthetic
- does not depress blood circulation or respiration -
- does not produce heart rate irregularities as some anesthetics due
121
effects of PCP
produces halluncinations
122
is pcp relative inexpensive and easy to manufacture?
yes
123
"angel dust"
PCP crystals sprinkled into oregano, parsley, or alfalfa and sold as marijuana
124
"killer joints" or "sherms"
marijuana joints mixed with PCP
125
PCP and stories of superhuman strength
none reported?
126
causes different degrees of depressant and dissociative effects
127
effects come from three pharmacologically active alkaloids - what are they
128
the original deliriant was ?
129
mandrake
contains psychoactive agents that can cause hallucinations, delirium
130
henbane
poisonous substance that has calming affects
131
shakespeares hamlet
shakespeares hamlet father must have had more than 4 leaves because it was henbane that was used to poison him
132
amanita muscaria effects
muscular twitching, raving drunkness, agitation and vivid halluncinations
133
amanita; active ingredients
muscarine
134
salvia divinorum mechanisms of action
kappa opioid receptor both in the brain and spinal cord
135
what organ metabolizes LSD
liver
136
amphetamine derivatives
large group of synthetic psychedelics is chemically related to amphetamines
- similar to mescaline
137
anticholinergic hallucinogens
substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system.
138
after one week how much THC is still in the body
25%-30%
139
the medical mode guides much of current thinking
- psychoactive drugs are used to control symptoms of mental illness
- chemical imbalances are associated with specific mental disorders
140
positive symptoms
adding something to your life
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech behaviors
141
negative symptoms
taking away something
- withdrawal, emotional blunting
causes significant interference with social and/or occupational function
