Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

integrative seminar > quiz 3 > Flashcards

quiz 3 Flashcards

(118 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

stimulants

A

substances that keep a person going
-cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

history of cocaine

A

coca - bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine
- natives chewed coca leaves to give them greater strength and endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

four forms of cocaine

A
  1. coca paste - crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
  2. cocaine hydrochloride - the most common form of pure cocaine
  3. freebase - prepared as a chemical base, can be heated and vapors and inhaled
  4. crack or rock - lumps, fried smokable cocaine, prepared by making cocaine with water and baking soda
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the “rat park study”

A

rats were less likely to self-administer drugs than those in dull, isolated cages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

46 states did what between 1887 and 1914

A

regulated control over cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

unsubstantiated racist claims and 1914 harrison act

A

cocaine use among southern african american increased widespread usage of cocaine and associated with increased violent crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

contemporary legal controls on cocaine

A

1960 - use began to increase
before 1985 - cocaine hydrochloride most available (snorted) however it was expensive and associated with status wealth and fame
1985 - inexpensive form of smokeable cocaine became available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anti-drug abuse acts of 1986 and 1988

A

establishes penalties for crack sale/possession more severe than penalties for powder sale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

penalties to powder/crack possession

A

-crack more severe than cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fair sentencing act of 2010

A

reduced penalties for crack cocaine offenses to produce an 18-1 crack to powder drug quantity ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mechanism of action of cocaine

A

chemical structure does not tell us how or why cocaine affects the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cocaine administration

A

chewing or sucking coca leaves - slow absorption and onset of effects
snorting - absorption through nasal membranes - rapid onset
injected - rapid and brief effects
smoked - rapid and brief effects - fastest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

beneficial uses of cocaine and related chemicals

A

-local anesthesia
-used medically since 1884
-early application were in eye surgery and dentistry
- still used for nasal, laryngeal and esophagus surgery in US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cocaine elimination

A

eliminated by enzymes in the blood and liver
- half-life of about an hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cocaethylene

A

cocaine mixed with alcohol makes this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

acute toxicity of cocaine

A

profound SNS stimulation, which can lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest
- crack usage can cause brain hemorrage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chronic toxicity of cocaine

A

risks of regularly snorting cocaine
- affects nasal septum, tics, damage to heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

formication

A

hallucinated of body infested with vermin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dependence of cocaine

A

powerful withdrawal - anxiety, depression, craving
- most with inject or smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

affects the heart muscle and causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

crack babies - what happened to them?

A

babies born when their mothers smoked crack during the pregnancy
- come out already addicted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cocaine: current use and future trends

A

1.5% of adults currently use
20% of people who try cocaine become dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

amphetamines history

A

new synthesized chemicals similar to ephedrine were patented in 1932
- medically used to treat asthma, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

appetite suppressant by both sides of WII

A

amphetamine used to increase stamina
- meth for japenese
- benzedrine for americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
pervitin
german soldiers used this to increase stamina
25
what is a "speedball" and why is it dangerous
amphetamine/cocaine + heroin injected together
26
speed scene in San Francisco
27
manufacture of methamphetamine
it is dangerous to make, creates toxic fumes and residue
28
recent legislation in minnesota (precursor medicine)
medicine moved to behind the counter - hope to result in drop in meth making
29
amphetamine pharmacology
infiltrates neuron, taken up: causes increased activity of Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin by stimulating their release
30
amphetamine structure and mechanism of action
stimulant that functions by increasing the amounts of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft
31
amphetamine absorption and elimination
rapidly absorbed after oral administration 4-6 hours
32
rapid tolerance
tolerance that develops faster within uses
33
beneficial uses of amphetamine
stimulant medications can reverse catecholamine associated frontal deficits that may underlie ADHD
34
amphetamine acute toxicity
increases in feeling power, suspicion, paranoia, and potential risk of violent behavior
35
"meth mouth" what causes it?
results not from cotaminents in meth but a combination of dry mouth, neglect, and bruxism
36
bruxism
grinding of teeth
37
what is defined as the drug with the greatest dependence-producing potential
amphetamines - potent reinforcer
37
bath salt drugs
cathinone -stimulant derived from khat mephedrone - similar to cocaine/amphetamine methylone - similar to ecstasy alpha-pvp - flakka
38
depressants and inhalants
depressants - slow activity in CNS usually through agonist GABA effects inhalants - volatile solvents and other compounds can have depressant effects similar to sedatives
39
how do depressants decrease brain activity
slows CNS
40
to be "shanghai'ed" means?
to kidnap or trick them into working for you
41
paraldehyde - what is it and why is it used?
used for alcoholism - noxious taste - hot burning taste
42
bromides
sleep agent in patent medicines
43
barbiturates - quick and slow-acting
low dose long acting forms - daytime relief of anxiety higher doses shorter acting forms - used to induce sleep
44
red devils/ dolls
secobarbital -sedative sleep pill - benzodiazepine replaced thia
45
pentobarbital
short-acting barbiturate sedative
46
amobarbital
truth serum,
47
wada test
helps your treatment team determine which side of your brain is dominant for language and which is for memory
48
shellshock
amobarbital
49
butabarbital
short term treatment for insomnia
50
mephobarbital and penobarbital
anti seizure sedative
51
benzodiazepines - adverse effects
52
what is zolpidem used for and what is it linked to
used to induce sleep but linked to sleepwalking
53
flunitrazepam - why is it so infmaous? what changes have made it safer?
54
nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics
target GABA receptor better sleeping pills than anti-anxiety drug
55
beneficial uses of benzo
treating anxiety and related mental health conditions as well as brain conditions like seizures
56
oxytocin - potential used to treat
56
therapy vs pills - insurance coverage
therapy might not be covered by insurance by pills are more likely to
57
benzos for sleep
short acting - flurazepam
58
falling asleep without pills
regular sleep schedule turn down lights gradually throughout the evening exercise reduce noise eat light snack before bed avoid tobacco avoid napping avoid use of sleeping pills
59
benzos as anticonvulsants
administered to someone with seizure disorder
60
problem with hyponotics
tolerance and finding a dose that is effective but doesn't cause excessive drowsiness and abrupt withdrawal can cause seizures
61
concerns for depressants
psychological dependence physical dependence
62
barbiturate vs benzodiazepine withdrawal
barbiturate - anxiety, insomnia, weakness, nausea, vomiting, seizures benzodiazepine - anxiety, irritability, insomnia
63
cross dependence
barbiturates, benzodiazepines and alcohol
64
patterns of abuse - younger and older
typical users are - older adults using prescribers drugs, and tolerance develops does increase younger people obtain drugs to get high, may take high doses or mix with alcohol
65
volatile solvents
liquids that easily vaporize into gas and when inhaled can cause a state of intoxication and long-term nerve and organ damage petroleum, acetone, tolune - paint, paint thinner, nail polish remover, correction fluid, glue
66
anesthetics
nitrous oxide current and former medical anesthetics
67
nitrites
amyl, butyl rush and popperss
68
nitrous oxide and nitrous balloons
laughing gas light anestsia
69
what converts b12 to be inactive - linked to B12 deficiency
nitrous oxide
70
nitrities - "poppers" associated with interpersonal activity
short term euphoria to enhance please of sex - reduce blood pressure in the brain
70
volatile solvents: dangers
kidney damage, brain damage, peripheral nerve damage, muscle damage, severe headache and death by suffocation is possible
71
what category of drug is alcohol
nitrites
72
fermentation
production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts
73
fruits + yeast =
increases fermentation
74
what has to be done with grains before they can be used for fermentation
starch must be converted to sugar by malting before fermentation can begin
75
yeast has a limited tolerance for alcohol - what percent ethanol kills it
about 15% of yeast dies and fermentation ceases
76
distillation
evaporation of alcohol vapora = beverages with alcohol content higher than 15%
77
how did distillation help make money in the us and europe
78
proof of alcohol drinks
twice the percentage of alcohol by weight
79
who sells the most beer in the US
anheuser-busch and miller
80
distilled spirits
grain neutral spirits - clear and nearly pure alcohol
81
congeners - good and bad
minor compounds other than ethanol that occur naturally in alcohol beverages as a result of distilling and fermenting processes. - higher the congeners the more likely the hangover
82
alcohol use: before American Revolution and after
before - people drank more alcoholic beverages than plain water
83
what was the first "demonized" by the public
rum
84
temperance movement
promoted using things in moderation
85
benjamin rush (1745-1813)
found that heavy drinking = health problems, alcohol damages and addiction disease
86
temperance societies - early and later
initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits and moderate consumption of beer and wine later, promoted total abstinence because of beer/wine association with lower class immigrant groups
87
role of women in the temperance movement
made the movement to become totally abstinent of alcohol - religious movement
88
speakeasies and patent medications
speakeasies - place where alcohol was illegally sold patent medications - medicine sold over the counter with prescription
89
prohibition
made alcohol illegal
90
18th amendment
banning sale of alcohol
91
Canadian border - "rum fleets"
illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law
92
organized crime - what happened to it as a result of prohibition
became more organized and profitable
93
why was prohibition repealed
The beginning of the Great Depression, and the prospect of new jobs and tax revenue from legalized alcohol triggered a groundswell of political support for repeal
94
21st amendment
repeal of prohibition
95
drinking ages and highway funds
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public possession of alcohol age to 21. States that did not comply faced a reduction in highway funds under the Federal Highway Aid Act.
96
federal and state taxes and licensing fees and price of distilled spirit
about half of the price of a distilled spirit when taxes go up, consumption goes down
97
regional differences in the US in drinking alcohol
high in Nevada and Alaska, wisconsin low: iowa, Nebraska, utah, Mississippi
98
gender differences in drinking
men are more likely to drink more than females
99
absorption of alcohol
- some in the stomach, most of the small intestine
100
alcohol dehydrogenase and stomach contents
- alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach deactivates some alcohol before it enters the blood stream -slower if there is food or water in the stomach -more alcohol is absorbed in the presence of carbonated beverages
101
BAC and how is it measured what is legally drunk?
grams per 100 ml of blood plasma. 0.08% or more legally drunk -
102
alcohol distribution in body tissues
less distributed in fatty tissues - a lean person will have a lower BAC than a heavier person
103
metabolism: how can you speed up metabolism of alcohol
you cant speed up rate of metabolism
104
mechanisms of action - lose does and high dose
enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA - at high doses it blocks glutamate - at low doses
105
serotonin and dopamine MAO enzyme
alcohol effect serotonin receptor - interferes with MAO enzyme (increases concentration of serotonin and norepinephrine and interferes with frontal lobe functioning
106
behavioral effects of alcohol
mood changes can include: euphoria, reduced anxiety, reduced inhibitions
107
BAC and behavioral effects
increase when BAC increases
108
alcohol use and social signal alcohol myopia
behavioral effects - increases sexual behavior -blackout -crime and violence alcohol myopia - intoxicated individuals focus on the here and now, with little care for future consequences
109
acute physiological toxicity
overdose - drinking to pass out
110
overdose
alcohol poisoning
111
what to do it someone drinks enough to pass out
place them on their side and monitor breathing
112
long term risks and effects of alcohol use
brain tissue lose and intellectual impairment liver disease heart disease cancer impaired immunity
113
withdrawal stages
stage 1 - tremors, rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia stage 2 - hallucinations (auditory, visual, and tactile) stage 3 - delusions, disorientation, delirium stage 4 - seizures and death
114
paranoid psychosis
the higher risk among those who inject or smoke the drug risk of developing movement disorders like Parkinson's disease

integrative seminar (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions