quiz 4 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Tobacco is the leading cause of?
A
leading cause of preventable deaths
2
Q
history of tobacco - columbus
A
used by the natives and a gift to Columbus in 1942
3
Q
tobacco origin
A
derived from the leaves of the genus Nicotiana, a plant from the night-shade family, indigenous to North and South America
4
Q
Jean Nicot - early medical uses
A
initially promoted as a treatment for almost everything
5
Q
Dr. D Legare and his experiment
A
he proved the ineffectiveness of an old folk remedy
that blowing tobacco smoke into the intestinal canal does not resuscitate drowned animals or people
6
Q
spread of tobacco cultivation
A
spread west and north into frontier areas where planters paid less attention to the quality of the leaf
7
Q
two main types of tobacco
A
- chewing tobacco - comes in a form of loose leaf, plug or twist
- snuff - finely ground tobacco
8
Q
during the 19th century, nearly all tobacco produced and used in the US was?
A
chewing tobacco
9
Q
true or false: during the 19th century, nearly all tobacco use in the US was chewing tobacco.
A
true
10
Q
true or false: smoking did not surpass chewing until the 1920s
A
true
11
Q
what lead to the rise of cigarette popularity
A
Native Americans used thin reeds filled with tobacco
- factories appeared in the 19th century
- habit spread widely with the advent of inexpensive
12
Q
cigars
A
a combination of chewing and smoking
-peak popularity in 1920s
13
Q
turkish tobacco, king size, and filter cigarettes
A
1913: camels that had a hint of Turkish tobacco
1939: king size cigarettes
1954: filter cigarettes
- users preferred cigarettes with Turkish tobacco
14
Q
tobacco regulation efforts
A
1908: new york made it legal for women to use tobacco in public over concern for women’s health and morals
1930s and 40s- reports indicated a possible link between smoking and cancer
1952 - reader’s digest article: “cancer by the carton” - links together smoking and cancer use
15
Q
British Doctor’s study
A
concerns about smoking health risks (despite tobacco companies’ attempts to link them with health and vitality
- found that smoking to later age leads to greater losses of years of life
16
Q
“Cancer by the carton”
A
links together smoking and cancer use
17
Q
what are filtered cigarettes?
what are low tar cigarettes?
A
filtered cigarettes: intended to reduce harm caused by smoking by reducing harmful chemicals inhaled by smokers
low tar cigarettes: a type of cigarette that claimed to give off less tobacco tar than regular cigarette when smoked
18
Q
Helena ban - what happened?
A
in helen MA, a ban on public smoking was put into place and then overturned 3 months later
19
Q
Surgeon generals report
A
reported that smoking causes lung cancer in men
- caused tobacco sales to decline
20
Q
tobacco sales began to decline because of
A
lead to warning labels on cigarette packages, tv and radio ads banned, smoking banned on interstate buses and flights, FDA proposes to further regulate tobacco
21
Q
lawsuits and changing legal climate
A
lawsuits were seeking compensation for the health consequences of smoking
- the revelation of tobacco companies action in hiding information on the adverse effects of smoking
22
Q
what did the tobacco companies do that made them liable for tobacco damages
A
they hid information on the adverse effects of smoking
23
Q
1997 settlement
A
settlement between the states and the major tobacco companies for hiding information
24
Q
problem with lower nicotine cigarettes
A
people use more to get a greater fix
25
lower tar cigarettes
A type of cigarette that is claimed to give off less tobacco tar than a regular cigarette when smoked
- people were smoking double to get their nicotine fix
26
trends in use in recent history - who is least affected?
least used in high SES groups
27
current cigarette use
graduates from college - 12%
high school education - 31%
8th graders planning completing college = 2%
8th graders that arent playing on completing a degree - 6.3%
28
smokeless tobacco use
use increased in the 1970 as smokers looked for a method of tobacco use with a lower risk of lung cancer
29
"benefits:" compared with cigarettes
less expensive
easier to use outdoors
more socially acceptable in some circumstances
less likely to cause lung cancer
30
cancer - what causes it and why is it so hard to fight
growth inhibition factors in DNA prevent unrestrained growth of bodily tissue but DNA damage removes these factors and cells grow out of control
hard to fight = because it a result of your own tissues so harder for your immune system to recognize
31
coronary arteries supply heart with
blood
32
atherosclerosis and plaques
plaque buildup (cholesterol and blood platelets and other materials build up inside the blood vessels damaged by high blood pressure (atherosclerosis)
33
nicotine - two deleterious effects on heart
1. increases blood pressure which damages the blood vessels
2. causes blood platelets to clot more easily
34
smoking accounts for ____ of risk of CVD
35%
35
chronic obstructive lung disease, including emphysema
breaking down of alveoli in lungs
36
single greatest avoidable cause of death
smoking
37
passive smoking
nonsmokers inhaling cigarette smoke from the environment
-second handsmoke
38
sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke
second hand smoke and mainstream is actually smoking
39
Heath effects of passive smoking
lung cancer, CVD, less oxygen so the heart has to work harder
40
smoking and pregnancy and child development
increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, and SIDS
41
nicotine
naturally occurring liquid alkaloid: colorless and volatile
42
absorption and metabolism of nicotine
90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed
80-90% deactivated in the liver and excreted via kidneys
43
what is responsible for nicotine deactivation?
liver enzymes
44
dependence and tolerance of nicotine
developed quickly
45
how does nicotine effect acetylcholine
- Acts on acetylcholine receptors in the peripheral nervous system = leads to increased sympathetic nervous system activity (increased heart rare and blood pressure)
- Causes serotonin of catecholamines like epinephrine from adrenal glands
46
physiological effects of nicotine
first, stimulate and then block cholinergic receptor sites
releases norepinephrine
47
CNS and circulatory system effects of nicotine
increase heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen needed in the heart, electrical activity in the cortex and decreases hunger, and oxygen carrying ability
48
nicotine: behavioral effects
reinforces substances in tobacco
- has both stimulant and calming effects
- smoking and depression seem to be linked
49
true or false: nicotine is the primary reinforcing substance in tobacco?
true
50
smoking and depression
they are linked because nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine in the brain when smoked
people with depression are low on dopamine
51
dependence on tobacco
social modeling
- deliberate attempts to link smoking with pleasurable things
52
social modeling
social modeling - watching others do it
53
who is more likely to smoke
more likely among rebellious kids, those who start early, those who feel less in control of their future, those less competent, who perceive lack of social support
54
relapse rate?
70-80%
55
smoking cessation
nicotine replacement - lozenges, nicotine gum, transdermal patches and nicotine inhalers
56
nicotine replacement
lozenges, gum, transdermal patches and nicotine inhalers
57
nicotine patches and inhalers
patch: 2x more likely to successfully quit
inhalers: 2-4 times more likely to engage in familiar habits
58
zyban
antidepressant that aids in both depression and decreases relapse
59
aversion therapy
satiation/rapid smoking, as well as pairing with shocks and nausea, has been used rarely
60
abstinence violation effect
the tendency to treat mild relapse as a major failure and give up the treatment program
61
prevention for kids (tobacco and nicotine use)
modeling how to say no
scaring them doesn't help much
finding an anti-drug - sports, hobbies, crafts
enjoy life and find purpose without smoking
62
beneficial effects of nicotine
- primary reinforcing effects of tobacco
- has both stimulant and calming effects
- smoking and depression linked
63
caffeine
most widely used drug and can cause dependence '
- average intake is 200-250mg
64
caffeine history
most widely used psychoactive drug and can cause dependence
65
three plants containing xanthines
coffee, tea, cacao
yerba mate and guarana too
66
coffee origins
originated in Arabia and has suggested medical uses
- spread throughout the Muslim world and was later introduced to Europe
67
caffeine introduction to Europe
coffee spread throughout the Muslim world and was later introduced to Europe
68
england 1674: "the women's petition against coffee"
argued against the use of coffee because it made men impotent
69
coffeehouses - cultural signifcance
a location to relax, learn the news of the day, seal bargains, and listen and learn from literary and political figures
70
coffee and the American revolution, prohibition
coffee use increased because tea was unfairly taxed and because of prohibition
71
per capita US coffee consumption
72
where does the caffeine from decaf coffee go to?
caffeine removed from decaf coffee in used to make soft drinks
73
coffee: preparation
originally people chewed on coffee beans or put raw beans in hot water
74
roasting and vacuum packing
roasting = increases flavor, aroma, and color
vacuum packing - manufacturers remove the air from the coffee bag to protect the coffee's flavor and aroma
75
where does American coffee get imported from?
1/2 of American coffee from Latin America - 1/2 from Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand
76
blended instant coffee
77
price and quality of coffee
78
decaffeinated coffee
soaking unroasted beans in an organic solvent - removes caffeine
79
swiss processes of coffee
removes more coffee flavor but no solvent
80
coffee varieties
brewed, drip
instant
espresso
cappuccino
81
coffee and caffeine
brewed, drip = 115 mg caffeine
instant = 65 mg caffeine
espresso - 90 mg caffeine
cappuccino - 90 mg caffeine
82
Tea: history
originated in china
AD 350: chinese manuscript describes many medical uses
AD 780 non medical cultivation and use of tea
83
English East India company
first imported primarily spices by later expanded its imports of tea from China
- they didn't have to pay the tax because of rules laid by the crown so it made the people very angry the result was the Boston tea party
84
Tea and the American revolution
anger over a tax on tea that they had not helped formulate
- legal tea sales dropped due to a boycott
- illegal smuggling of tea increased
85
tea leaves - preparation
dried, rolled to crush the cells in the leaves, placed in a cool, damp place for fermentation
86
tea varieties - black, green, oolong
black - fully oxidized leaves
green tea - no oxidized leaves
oolong tea - greenish brown and consists of partially oxidized leaves
87
what do Americans primarily drink?
tea
88
herbal teas
contains mix of plant leaves and flowers
89
which has more caffeine? a pound of tea or coffee?
tea has more caffeine
90
which has more caffeine? A cup of tea or a cup of coffee
1 pound of tea leaves = 200 cups of tea
1 pound of coffee = 50-60 cups of coffee
91
theophylline is medically used for?
to treat symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases
92
annual per capita tea consumption - US vs UK
93
70% of tea that comes to America from where?
oolong tea
94
chocolate and aztec culture
Aztecs cultivated cacao widely, cacao bean was an important part of the economy /culture
95
chocolate: history
1828 - A dutch patent was issued for a process that removed about 2/3 of the fat and produces a powder
1876 - milk chocolate was introduced by the swiss and formed into bars
96
chocolate drinking spread slowly in Europe - why?
97
original form of chocolate
98
cocoa butter and powder
99
chocolate: processing
100
chocolate contains what unique xanthine?
theobromine
101
caffeine in Cocoa
average cup of cocoa contains about 4 mg of caffeine
102
U.S per captial soft drink consumption is about 50 gallons per year
103
mechanism of action for caffeine
xanthine's block receptors for adenosine, thereby having a stimulant effect
104
caffeine, theophyline, theobromine
theophyline = found in tea
theobromine = found in chocolate
105
peak levels of caffeine is felt when?
usually felt within 30-60 mins
106
half life of caffeine
5 hours
107
dependence of caffeine
people who abruptly stop drinking Caffeine after prolonged use will start to suffer from withdrawal symptoms and experience
108
reinforcing properties of caffeine
offsets the effect of fatigue
may not improve performance if well rested
high caffeine consumption correlates with lower academic performance
109
withdrawal symptoms of caffeine
Headaches, irritability, low energy, and mood changes
110
physiological effects of caffeine
stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles
-causes sleep disturbances
- elevates mood
- constricts blood vessels in the brain (but opens them near the muscles/lungs)
111
how does caffeine treat headaches
because it constricts the blood vessels in the brain but opens them near the muscles/lungs
112
caffeine in fatigued and well rested
will affect those who are fatigued more than those well rested
113
high caffeine consumption among college students is associated with?
lower academic performance
114
hyperactivity and caffeine
115
caffeine and BAC
caffeine does not reduce BAC
116
is moderate consumption dangerous
no
117
reproductive effects of caffeine
high consumption of caffeine decreases women's chances of becoming pregnant, decreases growth of the fetus
118
high intake of caffeine may increase the risk of?
heart attack, particularly in people with other risk factors
119
causes for concern in caffeine
reproductive effects and heart disease
120
caffeinism
excessive use of caffeine
121
toxicity is relatively low in
caffeine
122
unpleasant symptoms of caffeine
nervousness, irritability, tremors, muscle twitching, insomnia, palpitations, heart arrhythmias, gastrointestinal disturbances
123
opioids
pain relievers
124
cultivation of opium - raw opium
Papaver somniferum - seeds, cuts, resin collected
125
egyptian, greek, arabic, european historical use for opiods
Egyptian - papyrus used for specific medical uses
Greece - greek medicines - also available in candies
Arabic - opium is used a social drug because of the Islamic prohibitions against alcohol
126
the opium war
1729: opium smoking was outlawed in China, but smuggling was widespread
-The English East India Company was involved in the opium trade, legally in India and illegally in China
- Pressure grew and eventually, war broke out between the British and Chinese
127
morphine, codeine and thebaine
128
hypodermic syringe and civil war - dysentery
1853 - hypodermic syringe allowed delivery of morphine directly into the blood
widespread use during civil war provided relief from pain and dysentery
129
why is heroin more potent than morphine?
increased lipid solubility of the heroin molecule
130
3 types of opioid dependence in the 19th century
1. oral intake increased
2. opium smoking increased after 1850, Chinese laborers arrived in the US
3. injection of morphine - the most dangerous form of use
131
ubiquity of opioids
132
effect of harrison act
made it too hard for opioids to obtain
- results: changes in the pattern of opioid use
- oral use declined - primary remaining users injected morphine or heroin
133
use of opioids between WWI and WW2
use limited to "lower class" social groups
134
opioid interdiction effects
the view changed from minor weakness/self-indulgence to dangerous, dirty immoral habit
135
the Taliban and opium cultivation
Suppressed harvest in Afghanistan by the Taliban – US agrees with this because US wants control over heroin but after 9/11 Taliban wasn’t in power so there was an enormous harvest and increased shipments in US
136
sources of heroin
most came from "french connection": heroin grown in Turkey, converted to heroin in southern france and imported into the US
137
prescription opioids
138
opioid pharmacology
raw opium (10% of morphine by weight) - least potent
139
what are methadone and LAAM used for?
reduce dependence on heroin when given continuously under supervised dosing conditions
140
oxycodone and oxycontin
141
fentanyl
The synthetic lab produced opioid
- more potent than heroin and morphine
- errors in measurement lead to overdose and death
142
opioid antagonists
- block the affect of opoids
- Opioid antagonists help treat opioid overdose, opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder and opioid-induced constipation.
143
1960s- heroin use by troops in Vietnam - what were expectations of returning users and what was the reality?
they thought they would continue to use but instead they stopped when they got home
