FINAL EXAM CHP. 17

Question 1

Innate immunity:

Answer 1

• First line of defense
• Present since birth
• No specific recognition of microbe

Question 2

Adaptive immunity:

Answer 2

• Resistance to a specific pathogen
• Produces antibodies
• Alerts other immune cells

Question 3

Susceptibility

Answer 3

Lack of resistance to a disease

Question 4

Goal of innate immunity:

Answer 4

To phagocytose pathogen-> causes inflammation, fever

Question 5

Immunity:

Answer 5

Ability to ward off disease

Question 6

Macrophage activation in immune system:

Answer 6

TLR on macrophage attaches to PAMP (Ex: LPS)-> TLR binds to LPS-> releases cytokines

Question 7

Example of PAMP:

Answer 7

LPS (gram -)

Peptidoglycan (gram +)

Question 8

TLR induce:

Answer 8

Cytokines-> inflammation, fever

Question 9

Skin:

Answer 9

Body’s largest organ and consists of:

• dermis
• epidermis

Question 10

Dermis:

Answer 10

Connective tissue

Question 11

Epidermis:

Answer 11

Tightly packed layers of dead cells-> falls off to remove microbes-> creates a dry environment

Question 12

Mucous membrane:

Answer 12

Treponema pallidum/syphilis can spirochete (cork screw through mucous membranes)

Question 13

Mucus:

Answer 13

• Traps microbes

- Produces goblet cells

Question 14

Ciliary escalator:

Answer 14

Transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

Question 15

First line of defense physical factors: (10)

Answer 15

Skin
Mucous membranes
Mucus
Ciliary escalator 
Lacrimal apparatus
Saliva 
Urine 
Vaginal secretions 
Ear wax
Defecation

Question 16

First line of defense chemical factors (4)

Answer 16

• Fungistatic and bacteriostatic fatty acid in sebum
• Low pH of gastric juice and vaginal secretions
• Lysozyme in perspiration (low pH)

Question 17

Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine:

Answer 17

Breaks down cell walls by destroying chemical bonds of peptidoglycans

Question 18

Gastric juice cannot stop:

Answer 18

C. botulinum or S. aureus toxins

Question 19

H. pylori:

Answer 19

Neutralizes stomach acid, allowing bacteria to grow and initiating an immune response that leads to ulcers

Question 20

E. coli in the gut produces:

Answer 20

• Molecules that prevent salmonella and shigella from growing
• Commensal microbiota

Question 21

Process of phagocytosis:

Answer 21

Phagocytose pathogen-> degrade pathogen-> waste products act as chemoattractants for other immune cells-> converge in that area-> release TNF (cytokine)

Question 22

Eosinophilia:

Answer 22

Increased eosinophils in blood that produces IgE from:

• Parasitic infection
• Allergic reaction

Question 23

Dendritic cells:

Answer 23

Derived from monocytes and initiates adaptive immunity

Question 24

T-cells:

Answer 24

Produce antibodies in the adaptive immune system

Question 25

What causes serious up-regulation of WBC? (4)

Answer 25

- Meningitis - Infectious mononucleosis - Pneumonia - Gonorrhea

Question 26

What causes a decrease in WBC? (2)

Answer 26

- Salmonellosis - Brucellosis Certain organisms produce toxins toxic to WBC-> pathogen is more virulent

Question 27

Lymphatic system:

Answer 27

Circulates the lymph fluid in the body

Question 28

Fixed macrophages:

Answer 28

Stuck in nodes

Question 29

Wandering macrophages:

Answer 29

Goes through lymph and circulatory system

Question 30

Why are biofilm communities harder to phagocytose?

Answer 30

They can adhere to gel and to each other-> difficult to form pseudopodia around

Question 31

Inflammation: (7)

Answer 31

``` Acute-phase proteins Vasodilation Redness Swelling Pain Heat ```

Question 32

Functions of inflammation:

Answer 32

- Destroy injurious agent and remove by-products - If destruction not possible then wall off injurious agent and by-products (fibrinogen, kinins for vasodilation) - Repair or replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent or by-products

Question 33

All cells involved in inflammation have:

Answer 33

Receptors for the cytokine TNF that produce more TNF upon activation

Question 34

Important chemicals for vasodilation: (5)

Answer 34

``` Histamines Kinins Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Cytokines ```

Question 35

Disadvantages of fever? (3)

Answer 35

- Tachycardia - Acidosis - Dehydration

Question 36

Why is the complement system turned on?

Answer 36

When antigen-antibody react

Question 37

What are the effects of the complement system after it's been turned on?

Answer 37

Inflammation, cytolysis, opsonization

Question 38

Opsonization:

Answer 38

Coating of pathogen to make it easier to phagocytose

Question 39

Cytolysis:

Answer 39

Forms pore in pathogen membrane

Question 40

Chemotaxis by the complement system:

Answer 40

Brings in phagocytes to area of complement activation

Question 41

Complement system causes inflammation by:

Answer 41

Causing histamines to be released-> vasodilation-> increased blood vessel permeability

Question 42

Antigen-antibody reaction is known as the:

Answer 42

Classical activation of complement system

Question 43

Alternative pathway to complement system:

Answer 43

Lipid carbohydrate complex

Question 44

What activates the lipid carbohydrate complex?

Answer 44

When protein factors that preexist in your blood bind

Question 45

Interferons made of:

Answer 45

Lymphocytes, leukocytes, fibroblasts

Question 46

Antimicrobial peptides have the ability to produce:

Answer 46

- Lyse bacterial cells - Synergistic - NO resistance to pathogens

Question 47

Antimicrobial peptides are produced when:

Answer 47

TLR attach to PAMP's

Question 48

Molecules capable of chemotaxis:

Answer 48

- Neutrophils - Monocytes/macrophages - Basophils

Question 49

Which are your APC/PPC?

Answer 49

Dendritic Macrophage B cells

Question 50

The major components of the immune system: (5)

Answer 50

``` T cells B cells Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophils ```

Question 51

Goal of lymph:

Answer 51

Circulate the fluid that goes through lymph and catch any pathogens that may have gotten to the circulatory system and take them to one spot

Question 52

Cytokines in adaptive are responsible for:

Answer 52

Clonal expansion and plasma cell formation

Question 53

Cytokines in innate are responsible for:

Answer 53

They are TNF that call cells over to the site of infection