LEC EXAM #3 CHP. 13

Question 1

Fomite:

Answer 1

Inanimate object that can harbor microorganisms

Question 2

Exotic:

Answer 2

Derived from a foreign location

Question 3

Sterile technique:

Answer 3

Technique that minimize/eliminate pathogen contamination

Question 4

Sterilization:

Answer 4

Complete removal of all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from an item or environment
-Ex: steam/autoclave

Question 5

Sterilant:

Answer 5

Chemical used to achieve sterilization

Question 6

Asepsis:

Answer 6

The absence of bacteria or microbes from an area

Question 7

Sepsis:

Answer 7

Presence of bacteria or microbe

Question 8

Commercial sterilization:

Answer 8

Technique that involves using low enough temp to preserve food quality but high enough to kill pathogens

Question 9

Disinfection:

Answer 9

• Removes most microbes from fomites from surfaces but does NOT sterilize
• Ex: vinegar, bleach

Question 10

Anti-septic:

Answer 10

• Disinfection on living surface (skin or tissue)

- Ex: Hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol

Question 11

Food canning/sterilization temperature:

Answer 11

121 C for 2.5 minutes

Question 12

BSL-1:

Answer 12

• Minimal risk of disease

- Ex: Nonpathogenic strains of E. coli

Question 13

BSL-2:

Answer 13

• Moderate risk
• Indigenous and exotic
• Ex: S. aureus

Question 14

BSL-3:

Answer 14

• Indigenous and exotic
• Cause lethal diseases
• Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 15

BSL-4:

Answer 15

• High risk of aerosol-transmitted infections
• Dangerous and exotic
• Ex: Ebola and Marburg

Question 16

Clostridium botulinum:

Answer 16

• Forms endospores and difficult to treat

- Grows in canned food due to low O2

Question 17

C. botulinum produce:

Answer 17

Neurotoxins that cause paralysis and can stop respiratory function

Question 18

Critical sterilization:

Answer 18

-Item will be inserted into body
-Must be sterilized
Ex: IV, catheter, surgical instruments

Question 19

Semi-critical sterilization:

Answer 19

• Item will contact mucous membrane

- Item does not have to be sterilized but must be highly disinfected

Question 20

Non-critical sterilization:

Answer 20

• Item will contact skin

- Items must be cleaned but not highly disinfected

Question 21

Bacteriostatic:
Bacteriocide:

Answer 21

• Causes bacteria to be static/inactive

- Kills bacteria

Question 22

Sanitation:

Answer 22

• Reduces microbial load of inanimate object to public health levels
• Ex: Detergent in dishwasher

Question 23

Degerming:

Answer 23

• Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through hand washing
• Ex: Washing hands with soap

Question 24

DRT (decimal reduction time):

Answer 24

Time to kill 90% of population

Question 25

Harder to treat:

Answer 25

Eukaryotes such as fungus because more similar to humans

Question 26

Thermal death time:

Answer 26

Time needed to kill ALL organisms

Question 27

Autoclave: Protocol?

Answer 27

- Water in chamber that gets heated and pressurized to generate steam for sterilization - Denature endospore, vegetative cells, and viruses - 121 C @ 15 psi for 30 minutes

Question 28

Resistant to auto-claving:

Answer 28

Prions

Question 29

Pasteurization: Protocol?

Answer 29

- Reduces heat sensitive microbes that cause food spoilage, but doesn't kill all microbes - Does not sterilize food - Heat at 72C for 15 seconds for normal pasteurization or 132C for 2 seconds for UHT

Question 30

Refrigeration:

Answer 30

- Slows microbial growth, except for pyschrophiles | - Ex: Listeria

Question 31

Drying/dessication:

Answer 31

Physically removes water

Question 32

Adding salt to food:

Answer 32

Creates a hypertonic environment

Question 33

Radiation:

Answer 33

Kills bacteria and destroys viruses through UV light sterilization by forming thymine dimers

Question 34

Gamma-radiation:

Answer 34

- Stronger than XR | - Shines radiation on food as it passes by-> breaks DNA

Question 35

HEPA filtration:

Answer 35

- Filters out allergens, dust, and garbage | - Port size= 0.3 um

Question 36

Membrane filtration:

Answer 36

- Pore size= 0.2 um | - Reduces pathogen load level to undetectable

Question 37

Phenolic compounds:

Answer 37

- Removes microorganisms but doesn't sterilize | - Disinfectants found in mouthwash and throat lozenges

Question 38

Triclosan:

Answer 38

- Banned in hand soaps by FDA in 2017 | - Previously thought to be antimicrobial

Question 39

Betadine:

Answer 39

Topical antiseptic used before surgery

Question 40

Alcohols:

Answer 40

Bactericidal and fungacidal | -70% because anything past 70% denatures glycoproteins but 70% is just enough to let alcohol in

Question 41

Quaternary ammonium salts- Quats:

Answer 41

- Disrupts plasma membranes | - Ex: lysol

Question 42

Soaps: How?

Answer 42

- Breakdown bacteria and debris by removing from surface | - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions bind to each other, locks, and rubbing of hands removes them

Question 43

Peroxide:

Answer 43

Produces free radicals that binds to DNA-> mutates DNA

Question 44

If you have the enzyme catalase, it converts hydrogen peroxide into:

Answer 44

Water and oxygen

Question 45

How to test antimicrobial/abx effectiveness?

Answer 45

Disk diffusion method that tests the zone of inhibition of an antimicrobial/abx

Question 46

In-use test:

Answer 46

Used in clinical settings when you store your disinfectants in bottles

Question 47

In-use test steps:

Answer 47

1. take disinfectant 2. put it into sterile broth with inactivator for disinfectant-> inactivated 3. place soln onto plates 4. if you see growth of 5+ colonies on either plate= contamination

Question 48

Why does CRE affect hospital patients?

Answer 48

- It's a rampant resistant strain in hospital settings that causes nosocomial infections due to instrument/equipment being contaminated - Patients are immune-compromised

Question 49

Structure of phenolic compounds:

Answer 49

Benzine ring with an OH off of it

Question 50

Freezing below ___ can kill microorganism?

Answer 50

-2C

Question 51

Things that can change your decimal reduction time or thermal death time?

Answer 51

Concentration Location of where it is applied Modes of action