FINAL EXAM - More on Interactions

Question 1

Biological Community

Answer 1

Consists of all the populations of different species that interact in a certain area

Question 2

Commenssalism

Answer 2

When one species benefits but the other species is unaffected

Question 3

Competition

Answer 3

Occurs when individuals use the same resources - resulting in lower fitness for both

Question 4

Consumption

Answer 4

Occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both

Question 5

Key Themes

Answer 5

• Species interactions can affects the distribution and abundance of a particular species
• Species act as agents of natural selection when they interact
• The outcome of interactions among species is dynamic and conditional

Question 6

Intraspecific Competition

Answer 6

Competition that occurs between members of the same species
- Increases as population density
increases

Question 7

Interspecific Competition

Answer 7

Occurs when individuals from different species use the same resources
- Species may compete directly or
indirectly

Question 8

Niche

Answer 8

The range of resources that a species is able to use/range of conditions it can tolerate

Question 9

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Answer 9

Two species that occupy the same exact niche, cannot coexist

Question 10

Fundamental Niche

Answer 10

The total theoretical range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate

Question 11

Realized Niche

Answer 11

Portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies given, limiting factors such as competition with other species

Question 12

Competition Hypothesis

Answer 12

Adult Chthamalus are outcompeted in lower intertidal zones by semibalanus

Question 13

Abiotic Tolerance Hypothesis

Answer 13

Adult Chthamalus are absent from lower intertidal zone because they do not thrive in the physical conditions there

Question 14

Fitness Trade-Offs

Answer 14

Inevitable compromises in adaptation

Question 15

Niche Differentiation

Answer 15

An evolutionary change in resource use, caused by competition over generations

Question 16

Character Displacement

Answer 16

The evolutionary change that occurs in species traits, & that enables species to exploit different resources

Question 17

Predation

Answer 17

When a predator kills and consumes all or most of the prey; typically carnivores

Question 18

Herbivore

Answer 18

Consumes plants & algal tissues, but typically not entire organisms

Question 19

Paratism

Answer 19

An organism that lives in or on a host, taking resources from it

Question 20

Endoparasite

Answer 20

Reside inside the host

Question 21

Ectoparasite

Answer 21

Reside outside the host

Question 22

Coevolutionary Arms Race

Answer 22

A repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation

Question 23

Constitutive Defenses

Answer 23

Traits that enable individuals to avoid being eaten

Question 24

Mimicry

Answer 24

A pattern of resemblance in species

Question 25

Inductible Defenses

Answer 25

Physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive traits that are induced in the prey in response to the presence of a consumer