Final Exam p3

Question 1

what is the structure of triglycerides?

Answer 1

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 2

what is the structure of saturated FA?

Answer 2

Fully loaded with H
No double bonds (C=C)
Solid at room temp

Question 3

structure on monounsaturated FA?

Answer 3

1 C=C (double bond)

Question 4

Linolenic acid Omega 3
structure?

Answer 4

18 C; 3 double bonds
first double bond at 3rd C

Question 5

polyunsaturated FA structure?

Answer 5

liquid at room temp2 or more double bonds (C=C)

Question 6

Linoleic acid Omega 6
structure?

Answer 6

18 C; 2 double bonds
first double bond at 6th C

Question 7

cis fatty acid structure?

Answer 7

Hydrogens on the same side of the double bond; cis Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in foods are cis.

Question 8

trans fatty acid structure?

Answer 8

has its hydrogens on the opposite sides of the double bond

Question 9

pufas at room temp?

Answer 9

liquid

Question 10

saturated fats at room temp?

Answer 10

solid

Question 11

sources of MUFAs?

Answer 11

olive, canola, avo

Question 12

the double bond is what point?

Answer 12

the point of saturation

Question 13

sources of linolenic acid omega 3?

Answer 13

fatty fish and flax are good sources

Question 14

sources of DHA and EPA?

Answer 14

human milk, fish and shellfish

Question 15

common sources of linolenic omega 6?

Answer 15

vegetable oils, meats

Question 16

Omega 3 health benefits?

Answer 16

Decrease BP, prevent clots, irregular heartbeat,
Reduce inflammation

Question 17

omega 6 side effects?

Answer 17

Promote inflammation, clot formation, blood vessel constriction

Question 18

what does the number of bonds mean?

Answer 18

Degree of saturation determined by the number of double bonds

Question 19

what is HDL good for?

Answer 19

protective effect against heart attack

Question 20

what organ makes HDL?

Answer 20

the liver makes HDL packages that collect cholesterol

Question 21

what is the recommended levels of HDL?

Answer 21

greater than 45 and optimal is greater than 60

Question 22

how is HDL increased?

Answer 22

soluble fibers, exercise, wt control

Question 23

what is LDL associated with?

Answer 23

high risk of heart attack

Question 24

what raises LDL?

Answer 24

saturated fats

Question 25

what is consumption of cis fatty acids associated with?

Answer 25

reduces risk of heart disease

Question 26

what is the consumption of trans fatty acid associated with?

Answer 26

it is associated with heart disease

Question 27

what is BMR?

Answer 27

the energy output of the body at rest after a 12 hour period

Question 28

how do you calculate BMI?

Answer 28

you divide height (in) by pounds squared and multiply it by 703

Question 29

underweight BMI

Answer 29

less than 18.5

Question 30

healthy BMI

Answer 30

18 to 24.9

Question 31

overweight BMI

Answer 31

25 to 29

Question 32

obese BMI

Answer 32

greater than 30

Question 33

what is glycolysis?

Answer 33

the process of converting glucose to pyruvate

Question 34

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 34

the process of making glucose from noncarb sources

Question 35

what is glucogenic?

Answer 35

describes a substance which can be used to make glucose

Question 36

where does glycerol enter the metabolic pathway?

Answer 36

midway between glucose and pyruvate

Question 37

where do fatty acids enter the metabolic pathway?

Answer 37

fatty acids are broken down into 2 carbon fragments that combine with CoA to form Acetyl CoA

Question 38

most amino acids can what?

Answer 38

be converted to pyruvate which can be used to make glucose

Question 39

some amino acids are converted directly to?

Answer 39

acetyl CoA- they are ketogenic

Question 40

some Amino acids can enter?

Answer 40

the TCA cycle directly- they are glucogenic

Question 41

what nutrients can form glucose?

Answer 41

all but fatty acids

Question 42

what are pyruvate's quick energy needs?

Answer 42

anaerobic - pyruvate to lactate which can be converted back to glucose through the cori cycle

Question 43

what are pyruvate's slower energy needs?

Answer 43

aerobic - pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Question 44

feasting?

Answer 44

Metabolism favors fat formation when eating in excess

Question 45

fasting?

Answer 45

If energy is not available, the body switches to wasting metabolism

Question 46

what are ketones?

Answer 46

Alternate energy source when glucose is not available (low CHO diets)

Question 47

when does ketosis occur?

Answer 47

during fasting and in diets low in CHO

Question 48

what happens to the ph of blood as ketone levels rise?

Answer 48

it drops

Question 49

what do ketogenic diets elevate?

Answer 49

they elevate uric acid