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Nutrition > Water and major minerals > Flashcards

Water and major minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five functions of sodium?

A

cation of extracellular fluid, regulator of volume, acid base volume, nerve transmission, muscle contraction

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2
Q

what do fluids maintain and what does it influence?

A

Fluids maintain blood volume, which influences blood pressure (BP)

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3
Q

what are there three steps of the nephron?

A
  1. blood flows into the glomerulus and some of its fluid with dissolved substances is absorbed into the tubule
  2. the fluid and substances needed by the body are returned through the vessels alongside the tubule
  3. the tubule passes waster down into the bladder
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4
Q

what does vasopressin/adh respond to?

A

if blood volume or BP too low or extracellular fluid too concentrated

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5
Q

what does the hypothalamus signal the pituitary to release in BV or BP too low?

A

ADH which triggers thirst

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6
Q

what does renin respond to?

A

if blood pressure is too low

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7
Q

what does renin do?

A

Raises blood volume and BP

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8
Q

what is angiotensin?

A

Hormone involved in BP regulation that acts as a vasoconstrictor

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9
Q

what does renin hydrolyze?

A

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen (blood protein) to angiotensin I

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10
Q

how does angiotensin increase BP?

A

Another enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II resulting in increased BP

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11
Q

what does angiotensin stimulate?

A

Angiotensin stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands

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12
Q

what does aldosterone signal?

A

Aldosterone signals kidneys to excrete more K & retain more Na & therefore H20

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13
Q

what is mEq?

A

mEq – concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution

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14
Q

what do electrolytes attract?

A

Electrolytes attract H20

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15
Q

what is osmosis?

A

Movement of H20 across membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated.

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16
Q

what do ions regulate?

A

Ions regulate pH of bodily fluids—pH: measure of H+ ion concentration

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17
Q

what are buffers?

A

substances that keep a solution’s pH constant when acids or bases are added

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18
Q

what happens in the lungs if carbonic acid is too great?

A

If carbonic acid is too great  increased respiration  more C02 exhaled

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19
Q

what happens in the lungs if bicarbonate too great?

A

If bicarbonate too great  slowed respiration  more C02 retained forming more carbonic acid

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20
Q

what is the AI for NA?

A

1500

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21
Q

what is the DASH diet?

A

Low in saturated fat, trans fat and total fat.
low in sodium
high in calcium, potassium and magnesium

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22
Q

what does the dash diet do over time?

A

Reduces BP in short time

23
Q

what happens with high NA intake?

A

increased calcium excretion

24
Q

what are the two symptoms of Na toxicity?

A

edema and HTN

25
Q

what does Cl do?

A

maintains fluid and electrolyte balance

26
Q

what is the AI for Cl?

A

2300 mg

27
Q

what is the symptoms of chloride toxicity?

A

vomiting

28
Q

what are the four functions of potassium?

A

Maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance
Cell integrity
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction
Heartbeat

29
Q

what is the AI for potassium?

A

AI = 4700 mg for adults

30
Q

what does a decrease in potassium in a diet result in?

A

HTN & increase risk of heart disease

31
Q

what do potassium rich foods reduce the risk of?

A

K+ rich foods reduce risk of stroke

32
Q

what is potassium deficiency the most common ?

A

Most common electrolyte imbalance

33
Q

symptoms of potassium deficiency?

A

Results in HTN, salt sensitivity, kidney stones and bone turnover.

34
Q

calcium is the most what in the body and where is it found?

A

Most abundant mineral in body
99% in bones & teeth

35
Q

the one percent of calcium in body fluids does what?

A

Blood pressure maintenance (DASH eating plan)
Muscle contraction

36
Q

what is calcitonin?

A

Hormone from the thyroid gland that regulates blood Ca by lowering it when levels are too high

37
Q

what is the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Hormone from parathyroid glands that regulate blood Ca by raising it when it falls too low
Stimulates action of Vit D

38
Q

what is calcium rigor?

A

Blood levels > normal
Muscles contract & cannot relax
Hardness or stiffness of muscles

39
Q

what is calcium tetany?

A

Blood levels < normal
Uncontrolled muscle contraction or spasms

40
Q

what is the AI for calcium for teens?

A

1300 mg/day for adolescents

41
Q

what is the calcium AI for adults?

A

1000 mg/day for adults up to age 50
1200 mg/day for women over 50 and everyone over 70

42
Q

how does Ca absorption increase in pregnant women?

A

Pregnant woman: doubled absorptio

43
Q

what are the four function of phosphorous?

A

buffer, DNA, energy, phospholipid

44
Q

where is phosphorus found?

A

2nd most abundant mineral in body
85% bound with Ca in bones & teeth

45
Q

what is phosphorous RDA?

A

700 mg/day

46
Q

what does magnesium inhibit?

A

Muscle contractions
Blood clotting

47
Q

what are the functions of magnesium?

A

Bone health
Energy metabolism
Aids in making proteins
Enzyme systems
ATP metabolism

48
Q

where is Mg found?

A

> ½ in bones
Reservoir for blood Mg
Remainder in muscles and soft tissue
1% extracellular fluid

49
Q

what are the symptoms of Mg deficiency?

A

tetany, impaired CNS, dysphagia, growth failure

50
Q

what are the three symptoms of Mg toxicity?

A

Diarrhea
Alkalosis
Dehydration

51
Q

Mg RDA for men?

A

400mg

52
Q

Mg RDA for women?

A

310 mg/day

53
Q

what are the functions of sulfate?

A

Determines contour of protein molecules
Disulfide bridges
Skin, hair, nails

54
Q
A

Nutrition (5 decks)

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