Final Exam Patho Ppt Flashcards by Naomi Wheeler

What degenerative disorder of the CNS is caused by the death of neurons that produce dopamine?

Parkinson’s disease

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What disease has symptoms of tremors, flat affect, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability

Parkinson’s disease

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What are extrapyramidal symptoms of Parkinsonism

Acute dystonias
Akathisia
Tar-dive dyskinesia

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What drug is levodopa and its side effects

Anti Parkinson drug
Dopamine precursor; dopamine enhancing drug combination restoring dopamine in extrapyramidal areas of brain.
Side effects
Uncontrolled, purposeless movements
Nausea and vomiting
Orthostatic hypotension
Muscle twitches

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What drug is Benztropine and its side effects

Antiparkinson
Centrally acting cholinergic receptor blocker
Side effects
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Tachycardia
Urinary retention
Constipation

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What drug is donepezil (aricept) administered alert and side effects

It is a cholinesterase inhibitor.
Used for Alzheimer’s disease
Administer at bedtime
Side effects
Bradycardia
Diarrhea
Dizziness/syncope
Hepatotoxic and neohrotoxic

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What drug is Glatiramer (copaxone) its side effects

It is a synthetic protein decreasing the body’s attack of the myelin. Used for relapsing forms of MS
Side effects
Flushing
Chest pain
Weakness
Infection

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What is the drug cyclobenzaprine and its side effects

Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant
Not effective in cases of Cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury
Side effect
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Blurred vision
Dry mouth
Rash
Tachycardia

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What is drug dantrolene sodium, uses and side effects

Skeletal muscle relaxer and calcium release blocker used for malignant hyperthermia
Useful for muscle spasms associated with CP or CNS injury
Side effects
Can cause liver damage/hepatitis
Drowsiness
Dizziness

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What is drug RimabotulinumtoxinB (myobloc)

The only botulism toxin type b drug used specifically for cervical dystonia.

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What is the antidote to cyclobenzaprine overdose

Physostigmine

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Non depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs do what

Compete with acetylcholine for the receptor- causing the muscle to be relaxed as long as it is in the receptor.

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What are adverse effects of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and name an example of one

Adverse effects:
Persistent paralysis in some patients, elevated blood levels of potassium, malignant hyperthermia, and post operative muscle pain.

Example : succinylcholine used for very short duration during intubation.

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What is the drug Rocuronium used for and side effects

It is a nondepolarizing blocker
Used during short procedures and intubation

Side effects:
Muscle relaxation- including respiratory muscles

Neostigmine reverses Rocuronium effects

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What do the drugs Estradiol and Norethindrone used for and the side effects

Oral contraceptives.
Side effects:
Nausea
Breast tenderness
HA
Break through bleeds
Black box warning:
Cigarette smoking increases risk of serious cardiovascular adverse effects with estrogen.

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What are examples of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs)

Depot injection
Vaginal ring
IUD

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What drug is evonorgestrel (planb, plan b step one) administration alerts and side effects

Prevents implantation If used within 72 hrs (plan b) or 120 hrs (plan b step one) of intercourse
Side effects
Nausea and vomiting
HA
Heavy menstrual bleeds

What are conjugated estrogens and what are they used for

Cenestin, Enjuva, Premarin
Estrogen hormone replacement therapy used for palliative treatment of prostate cancer and certain breast cancers

What is black cohosh used for

To manage menopausal symptoms

Medroxyprogesterone( depo-provera) is used for what and what side effects

It’s a progestin used for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Can be used to prevent pregnancy also. PO or IM
Side effects
Increased risk of blood clots
Weight gain
Depression

What are oxytocic drugs

They stimulate uterine contractions to promote induction of labor

What are tocolytic drugs

They inhibit uterine contractions during premature labor

What are side effects of the drug oxytocin

Side effects:
Rapid, painful uterine contractions
Fetal tachycardia can lead to uterine rupture (greater risk for those who have previously received oxytocin)
This drug is Iv infusion used to stimulate uterine contractions

What are the diagnostic “rules” to be considered infertile

Not able to conceive after at least one year of trying

What drug is clomiphene (clinic, serophene)

Traditional drug for female infertility Stimulates the release of LH, resulting in maturation of more ovarian follicles than would normally occur. High pregnancy rate and increased chance of multiples

What is hypogonadism and its symptoms

It is caused by lack of testosterone, can be congenital or acquired later Symptoms: Sparse hair Increased body fat Small testes ED Low sperm count

What are side effects of testosterone patch or IM injections

Edema Liver damage Acne Skin irritation Increased risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulants

What diseases can cause ED

Atherosclerosis, diabetes, CKD, stroke, HTN Also smoking and depression

What is the drug Sildenafil (viagra), admin alerts, and side effects

It’s used for ED. Relaxes the smooth muscles in the corpora cavernosa. Decreased absorption if taken with meals (high fat especially) Side effects Hypotension. No nitrates!!! Avoid grapefruit juice

What is the drug Tadalafil (cialis)

Used for ED. Works in 30 min Prolonged duration of 24-36 hours Can be used for pulmonary hypertension and daily dosing for BPH

What is the drug Doxazosin used for and side effects

It is an alpha 1 adrenergic blocker Used in bph Can cause hypotension so monitor bp Vasodilation of arteries and veins and relaxes smooth muscle around prostate

What is the drug Finesteride and side effects

It is used for BPH Promotes shrinking of enlarged prostates and restores urinary function Can cause decreased libido

what is the difference between clonic and tonic muscle spasms

tonic= single prolonged contraction. clonic = multiple rapidly repeating muscle contractions.

What is Glatiramer used for

Relapsing forms of MS

What antiparkinsons drug is a dopamine precursor and dopamine enhancing combo

Levodopa carbidopa

What herbal supplement may worsen the symptoms of Parkinson’s

Kava kava

Which antiparkinsons drug is a centrally acting cholinergic receptor blocker?

Benztropine It is used to suppress tremors but not effective at relieving tardive dyskinesia

Contraindications for Benztropine

Narrow angle glaucoma Myasthenia gravis Severe constipation Blockage of urinary tract Enlarged prostate Liver disease

What class of drug are used for Alzheimer’s

Cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil)

What class of drug are used for Alzheimer’s

Cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil)