Final Exam Practice Questions Flashcards by Denise White-MacDonald

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in regulating urine volume?

ADH promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

ADH promotes sodium excretion in the distal convoluted tubule

ADH stimulates the kidneys to excrete more urine

ADH decreases sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

ADH promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

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What is the effect of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on blood pressure?

Blood pressure decreases as a result of reduced filtration

Blood pressure has no effect from changes in GFR

Blood pressure decreases as a result of sodium excretion

Blood pressure increases due to water retention

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Which structure of the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain?

Semicircular canals

Auditory ossicles

Tympanic membrane

Cochlea

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Which type of sensory receptor plays a role in human vision?

Nociceptors

Photoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

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Which of the following levels of structural organization is the largest?

Organ system

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Organ system

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During exercise, oxygen delivery to tissues increases due to:

Increased ventilation and an increase in cardiac output

Decreased production of carbon dioxide in the muscles

Decreased pH levels in the blood

An increase in hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

Increased ventilation and an increase in cardiac output

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The “dub” or S2 sound heard during the cardiac cycle is caused by:

The atrial contraction

The closing of the semilunar (pulmonic/aortic) valves

The closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

The opening of the semilunar valves

The closing of the semilunar (pulmonic/aortic) valves

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A 70-year-old female patient’s blood pressure is recorded at 140/80mmHg. What is the patient’s pulse pressure, and what does this measurement indicate about her cardiovascular health?

Pulse pressure=140mmHg; A high pulse pressure is typical in elderly patients and does not indicate any cardiovascular risk

Pulse pressure=80mmHg; A high pulse pressure could indicate increased risk for cardiovascular events, like heart disease

Pulse pressure=60mmHg; A normal pulse pressure of 40-60mmHg suggests healthy heart function and effective circulation

Pulse pressure=60mmHg; A high pulse pressure indicates low blood volume and poor oxygen delivery to tissues

Pulse pressure=60mmHg; A normal pulse pressure of 40-60mmHg suggests healthy heart function and effective circulation

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What happens to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when the afferent arteriole dilates?

GFR decreases

Filtration pressure decreases

GFR increases

GFR remains the same

GFR increases

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Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in sex development?

It regulates the release of sex hormones, controlling reproductive function.

It stimulates the growth of the uterus and testes

It directly produces sex cells in the ovaries and testes

It initiates menstruation in females only

It regulates the release of sex hormones, controlling reproductive function.

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Which term describes the study of the body’s structure at a microscopic level, such as tissues and cells?

Embryology

Physiology

Anatomy

Histology

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The pressure that forces fluid and dissolved substances out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissues is called:

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Blood pressure

Oncotic pressure

Osmotic pressure

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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What is the physiological explanation for why the body increases heart rate in response to a decrease in blood volume (e.g. due to dehydration)?

The body lowers heart rate to prevent excess stress on the heart

The body compensates for lower blood volume by increasing heart rate to maintain adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion

The brain signals the heart to stop beathing momentarily to allow for fluid absorption

The body slows heart rate to conserve energy

The body compensates for lower blood volume by increasing heart rate to maintain adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion

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Which of the following best describes the function of chemoreceptors in the sensory system?

They detect pain signals and tissue damage

They detect chemicals in the environment, such as odors and tastes

They detect changes in light intensity

They detect mechanical pressure and vibration

They detect chemicals in the environment, such as odors and tastes

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What part of the ear is responsible for maintaining balance by detecting head movements?

Tympanic membrane

External auditory canal

Vestibular system (semicircular canals)

Cochlea

Vestibular system (semicircular canals)

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Which of the following is the outermost membrane surrounding the heart?

Epicardium

Pericardium

Endocardium

Myocardium

Pericardium

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Which of the following is an essential requirement for human life?

Oxygen

Ability to move

Absence of disease

Ability to think

Oxygen

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The role of surfactant in the lungs is to:

Reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse and aiding in lung expansion

Warm and humidify the air entering the lungs

Facilitate the exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries

Protect the lungs from allergens and bacteria

Reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse and aiding in lung expansion

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What is the primary role of the olfactory receptors in the sense of smell?

To sense temperature changes in the environment

To detect light and colour stimuli

To detect sound vibrations in the air

To detect specific chemical molecules in the air, signaling the brain

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The seminiferous tubules in the testes are primarily responsible for:

Maturation of sperm

Secretion of estrogen

Secretion of testosterone

Production of sperm

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Which of the following statements accurately describes the physiology of taste?

The sensation of taste is processed in the olfactory bulb, which sends signals to the gustatory cortex

Taste receptors on the tongue only detect sweet, sour, salty, and bitter stimuli

The sense of taste is mainly dependent on the ability to detect light through the retina

Taste receptors are specialized to detect specific chemicals dissolved in saliva, and are primarily located in the taste buds

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Which hormone, secreted by the placenta, is most directly responsible for the maintenance of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Prolactin

Estrogen

Progesterone

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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Which of the following structures in the respiratory system is responsible for warming and moistening the air as it enters the body?

Trachea

Nasal passages

Alveoli

Lungs

Nasal passages

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During lactation, the initial secretion of colostrum is critical for infant health. Which of the following is a key component of colostrum?

High levels of immunoglobulins for immune protection

High amounts of lactose to provide energy

Large quantities of fat to support rapid weight gain

High levels of vitamin D for bone growth

High levels of immunoglobulins for immune protection

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Which of the following is the correct order of airflow from the trachea to the alveoli? Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveolar ducts > Alveoli Trachea > Alveoli > Bronchioles > Bronchi Trachea > Bronchioles > Alveoli > Alveolar sacs Trachea > Bronchi > Alveoli

Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveolar ducts > Alveoli

Which body plane divides the body into right and left portions? Frontal plane Coronal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane

Sagittal plane

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the corpus luteum secretes: Progesterone Luteinizing hormone Estrogen Follicle-stimulating hormone

Progesterone

Which of the following structures is responsible for storing and maturing sperm? Vas deferens Urethra Epididymis Seminal vesicles

Epididymis

Airway dilation is primarily controlled by: The release of adrenaline and vasoconstriction The parasympathetic nervous system and acetylcholine release Smooth muscle relaxation and sympathetic nervous system activation The vagus nerve and histamine release

Smooth muscle relaxation and sympathetic nervous system activation

The process of implantation involves the blastocyst embedding itself into which layer of the uterus? Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium Parietal peritoneum

Endometrium

Sperm and ova are similar in terms of ________. Chromosome number Size Quantity produced per year Flagellar motility

Chromosome number

Which of the following describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy and physiology are completely independent fields Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology focuses on how the body functions Anatomy studies only the human body, while physiology studies all living organisms Anatomy focuses on how the body works, while physiology focuses on structure

Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology focuses on how the body functions

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood in which form? Dissolved in plasma As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) Bound to hemoglobin Bound to albumin

As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

The ovarian system's primary function is to: Store eggs Produce sperm Stimulate the release of FSH Produce estrogen and progesterone

Produce estrogen and progesterone

In the visual system, which of the following best describes the function of the rods in the retina? They detect colour and fine detail They detect movement and help with peripheral vision They detect light intensity and are responsible for vision in low light conditions They transmit visual information to the auditory cortex for integration

They detect light intensity and are responsible for vision in low light conditions

The process by which light is focused on the retina to form clear images in primarily facilitated by which structure in the eye? Cornea Retina Optic nerve Iris

Cornea

Which of the following structures serves as the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system? Fallopian tubes Ovaries Vagina Uterus

Fallopian tubes

The cardiovascular centers in the brainstem regulate heart rate by controlling: The release of hormones that directly impact the heart's rhythm The activity of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches The flow of blood through the coronary arteries The force of ventricular contraction only

The activity of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

Which of the following best describes the key event during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle? Blood enters the ventricles from the atria The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles The semilunar valves open and blood is ejected from the ventricles The ventricles contract, but all valves are closed, causing pressure to rise

The ventricles contract, but all valves are closed, causing pressure to rise

What is the primary role of arterioles in the vascular system? To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues To exchange nutrients and gases between blood and tissues To control the distribution of blood to various tissues by constricting and dilating To return deoxygenated blood to the heart

To control the distribution of blood to various tissues by constricting and dilating

During pregnancy, the mother experiences increased blood volume. This change helps to: Maintain blood pressure at normal levels Improve renal function Decrease heart rate Increase maternal circulation to support the fetus

Increase maternal circulation to support the fetus

In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood because: The concentration of nitrogen is higher in the alveoli The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than in the blood The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is higher than in the alveoli The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is higher than in the blood

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than in the blood

Which of the following best describes Anatomy? The study of the structure of the body and its parts The study of how the body functions The study of the nervous system The study of the cells and tissues in the body

The study of the structure of the body and its parts

Which of the following best describes how the diameter of blood vessels affects blood flow? As the diameter of the blood vessel increases, blood flow decreases Blood flow is independent of the blood vessel diameter A decrease in vessel diameter has no effect on blood flow As the diameter of the blood vessel increases, blood flow increases

As the diameter of the blood vessel increases, blood flow increases

How does the process of vasodilation help to regulate body temperature? It reduces sweating to prevent excessive fluid loss It reduces blood flow to the skin, conserving body heat in the core It increases blood flow to the skin, allowing heat to be lost more effectively through radiation and convection It increases heart rate, causing more heat to be generated internally

It increases blood flow to the skin, allowing heat to be lost more effectively through radiation and convection

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing? Cerebellum Thalamus Cerebrum Medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata

The transition from the fetal circulatory system to the neonatal system involves the closure of which of the following structures? Placenta and umbilical cord Umbilical artery and vein Umbilical vein and hepatic portal vein Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus

What is the primary physiological role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the menstrual cycle? Releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the release of FSH and LH Secretes estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle Directly stimulates the ovaries to release eggs Secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrial lining

Releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the release of FSH and LH

Which of the following hormones is primarily involved in the regulation of sperm production in males? Progesterone Luteinizing hormone (LH) Testosterone Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages of fetal heart development? Formation of the heart tube > atrial septation > formation of coronary circulation Formation of the four-chambered heart > atrial and ventricular septation > closure of fetal shunts Looping of the heart tube > formation of the septal valves > closure of the ductus arteriosus Formation of the heart tube > folding and looping > atrial and ventricular septation

Formation of the heart tube > folding and looping > atrial and ventricular septation

What is the most accurate description of blood pressure? Blood pressure measures the force of blood against the venous and arterial walls Blood pressure measures the force of blood through the body Blood pressure measures the force of the blood going into the heart Blood pressure measures the force of the blood against the arterial walls

Blood pressure measures the force of the blood against the arterial walls

A 60-year-old male patient has a blood pressure reading of 164/96mmHg. What might an increase in pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) indicate in this patient? It suggests that the patient has a healthy heart and no cardiovascular issues It could indicate a stiffening of the arteries, often seen in conditions like atherosclerosis or hypertension It suggests the heart is pumping with less force, which could indicate heart failure It is a sign of low blood volume, which typically occurs with dehydration

It could indicate a stiffening of the arteries, often seen in conditions like atherosclerosis or hypertension

What specialized structures help guide the oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube? Fimbriae Uterine ligaments Muscular contraction aides this process Cilia

Fimbriae

Which factor primarily influences the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidneys? Oxygen levels in the renal medulla Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule Blood pressure in the glomerulus Renal pH levels

Blood pressure in the glomerulus

Why does the body decrease respiratory rate when blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels drop below normal? To retain carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood and maintain proper pH balance To reduce oxygen consumption and prevent the body from becoming hypoxic To increase the body's metabolic rate and produce more energy To allow the lungs time to process excess oxygen

To retain carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood and maintain proper pH balance

Which of the following is the primary function of the testes? Maturation of sperm Secretion of prolactin Production of testosterone Production of estrogen

Maturation of sperm

Which of the following is TRUE about the movement of molecules in the nephron? The descending loop of Henle is impermeable to water Water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule Filtration of glucose occurs at the loop of Henle Active transport is used to reabsorb sodium in the collecting duct

Water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is NOT a substance typically eliminated by the kidneys in urine? Creatinine Potassium Glucose Urea

Glucose

The pleurae of the lungs are responsible for: Protecting the lungs from infection Regulating airflow in and out of the lungs Filtering blood before it reaches the lungs Facilitating smooth lung expansion and contraction by reducing friction between the lungs and chest wall

Facilitating smooth lung expansion and contraction by reducing friction between the lungs and chest wall

Which blood vessels serve the lower limbs by supplying oxygenated blood? Subclavian arteries Femoral arteries Pulmonary veins Carotid arteries

Femoral arteries

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve demonstrates that hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen: Decreases as the pH of the blood becomes more alkaline Decreases as the partial pressure of oxygen increases Increases as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises Decreases with higher temperatures (i.e. during fever)

Decreases with higher temperatures (i.e. during fever)

The hepatic portal system functions to: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower body Transport oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal heart Direct blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing Circulate oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Direct blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events after fertilization? Embryonic development → Implantation → Fertilization Fertilization → Implantation → Embryonic development Implantation → Embryonic development → Fertilization Fertilization → Embryonic development → Implantation

Fertilization → Implantation → Embryonic development

The differentiation of the male and female reproductive systems is influenced primarily by: Environmental factors The number of sex chromosomes The presence of the Y chromosome and testosterone Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

The presence of the Y chromosome and testosterone

Which of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body? Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Aorta Pulmonary vein

Aorta

Which hormone is released by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels? Renin Erythropoietin Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Erythropoietin

As sperm first reach the oocyte, they will contact the _______. Acrosome Zona pellucida Corona radiata Sperm-binding receptors

Corona radiata

In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus serves to: Deliver blood from the left ventricle to the brain Bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta Allow oxygenated blood from the placenta to enter the heart directly Direct blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium

Bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta

The most critical period of development for the embryo, during which organ systems begin to form, occurs in which trimester? Third trimester Postpartum Second trimester First trimester

First trimester

Which structure in the heart prevents backflow of blood into the right atria? Mitral valve Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Aortic valve

Tricuspid valve

A 50-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension has a blood pressure of 160/88 mmHg. What is the patient's Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and why is it an important indicator of tissue perfusion? MAP=120mmHg; MAP helps evaluate the effectiveness of the heart's ability to circulate blood to vital organs MAP=160mmHg; MAP is useful for determining the heart's rate and rhythm MAP=140mmHg; MAP is used to estimate the patient's oxygen levels MAP=112mmHg; MAP helps assess the average pressure in the arteries during a single cardiac cycle, important for tissue perfusion

MAP=112mmHg; MAP helps assess the average pressure in the arteries during a single cardiac cycle, important for tissue perfusion

Which of the following statements about the changes that occur during pregnancy is correct? The volume of blood in the body decreases, leading to lower blood pressure. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy is primarily caused by fluid loss. The volume of urine produced by the kidneys decreases during pregnancy. The enlarging uterus can cause the displacement of the bladder, leading to increased frequency of urination.

The enlarging uterus can cause the displacement of the bladder, leading to increased frequency of urination.

Which of the following best describes the primary function of arteries? To exchange gases, nutrients and waste products with tissues To return deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart To regulate blood flow based on the body's immediate needs To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the organs and tissues

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the organs and tissues

The movement of which ion primarily contributes to the plateau phase (Phase 2) of the action potential in cardiac muscle cells? Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Calcium (Ca+2) Sodium (Na+)

Calcium (Ca+2)

The term "proximal" refers to a position that is: Away from the body's center Closer to the point of attachment or origin Closer to the surface of the body Further from the midline of the body

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

What ion is most important in creating the membrane potential of cardiac contractile cells during depolarization? Calcium (Ca+2) Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Sodium (Na+)

Sodium (Na+)

How do the kidneys contribute to blood pressure regulation? By directly controlling heart rate through the renin-angiotensin system By secreting aldosterone to increase sodium retention By filtering excess hydrogen ions to maintain pH balance By adjusting the filtration rate of oxygen

By secreting aldosterone to increase sodium retention

In medical imaging, which technique uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal body structures? X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scan Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Ultrasound

Which of the following blood vessels has the thickest muscular layer to accommodate the high pressure from the heart's pumping action? Capillaries Arteries Venules Veins

Arteries

Airway constriction, which narrows the air passages, is often caused by: Increased lung compliance and surfactant production Smooth muscle relaxation in the bronchioles The release of epinephrine and beta-2 agonist activity Inflammation, increased mucus production, or the parasympathetic nervous system response

Inflammation, increased mucus production, or the parasympathetic nervous system response

Which of the following accurately describes the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the establishment of normal sinus rhythm? The SA node slows down electrical impulses, regulating heart rate during rest The SA node receives signals from the vagus nerve to slow heart rate The SA node only controls the rate of ventricular contraction The SA node generates electrical impulses that trigger atrial contraction and set the rhythm of the heart

The SA node generates electrical impulses that trigger atrial contraction and set the rhythm of the heart

What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on blood pressure? It increases blood volume and raises blood pressure It increases sodium excretion and reduces blood pressure It has no significant effect on blood pressure It decreases blood volume and lowers blood pressure

It increases blood volume and raises blood pressure

Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine? Nephron Ureter Renal corpuscle Renal pelvis

Nephron

What is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment? Adaptation Homeostasis Metabolism Differentiation

Homeostasis

Why does the body increase heart rate in response to physical activity? To prevent the body from overheating during exercise To circulate more oxygen to the tissues and remove metabolic waste products more efficiently To reduce the respiratory rate and allow more efficient gas exchange To promote the breakdown of fat cells for energy

To circulate more oxygen to the tissues and remove metabolic waste products more efficiently