Final Exam Review

Question 1

Projection Imaging

Answer 1

A single image created from a 3D body

Question 2

Tomography Imaging

Answer 2

Images are thin slices of anatomy

Question 3

Ionizing Radiation

Answer 3

Images created using ionizing radiation.
Has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms and molecules.
Can lead to cellular death

Question 4

Non-Ionizing Radiation

Answer 4

Non Ionizing Radiation used
Doesn’t damage DNA but chronic exposure can lead to health issues

Question 5

Examples of Ionizing Radiation

Answer 5

Xray- X ray and CT
Gamma Rays- Nuclear Medicine

Question 6

Examples of Non Ionizing Radiation

Answer 6

Sound Waves- Ultrasound
High-Field Magnets- MRI

Question 7

Anatomical vs Functional Imaging

Answer 7

Anatomical- X-ray and CT
Functional- Nuclear Medicine and PET
BOTH- MRI and Duplex Ultrasound

Question 8

Duplex Ultrasound

Answer 8

Anatomical- B-mode/2D
Functional- Color Doppler and Pulse wave doppler

Question 9

Year discovered and used clinical

Answer 9

1952 and clinical-1962

Question 10

Is ultrasound a form of tomographic imagine?

Answer 10

YES

Question 11

In ultrasound you can basically scan anything that is not a bone, behind thick bone or filled with air?

True or False

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

What does m-mode do?

Answer 12

track heartbeat tracings

Question 13

What does ALARA stand for?

Answer 13

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Question 14

Normal Human Hearing range:

Answer 14

20 to 20,000 HZ

Question 15

Ultrasound MHz range

Answer 15

2-21 MHz

Question 16

Production of ultrasound waves

Answer 16

the transducer generates and receives sound waves using the piezoelectric effect.

Question 17

Piezoelectric effect equation

Answer 17

Electrical> Mechanical > Acoustic > Mechanical > Electrical

Question 18

Remember the 4 types of probes

Answer 18

Convex
Linear
Phased array
Intracavity

Question 19

High Frequency vs Lower Frequency

Answer 19

Higher- Better resolution and less penetration
Lower- Worse resolution and better penetration

Question 20

Anechoic

Answer 20

Echoes are absent- Dark Appearance

Question 21

Hyperchoic/echogenic

Answer 21

Bright Appearance

Question 22

Hypoechoic

Answer 22

Dark Appearance, echoes are of lower intensity than surrounding tissues

Question 23

isoechoic

Answer 23

similar in echo intensity as surrounding tissue- Similar Appearance.

Question 24

Homogenous

Answer 24

Uniform Texture (Cheese Pizza)

Question 25

Heterogeneous

Answer 25

Irregular texture, Mixed appearance ( supreme pizza)

Question 26

How to know if something is a cyst

Answer 26

Black circle on image is a cyst, there are no echoes in it. A fluid filled structure

Question 27

Cyst Appearance

Answer 27

Anechoic, well defined smoot walls and good sound transmission

Question 28

mass appearance

Answer 28

echogenic, heterogeneous or homogenous or complex irregular walls and poor sound transmission (shadowing)

Question 29

Time Gain Compensation (TGC)

Answer 29

Adjusts the brightness in specific areas of the image.

Question 30

Overall Gain

Answer 30

Ajusts the overall brightness or uniform amplification of the returning echoes in the entire image. Usually a knob.

Question 31

Body Positions

Answer 31

Remember the 6 body positions

Question 32

Aorta Protocol

Answer 32

Ao Long Prox – image superior to celiac trunk Ao Long Mid – image inferior to SMA Ao Long Mid - with color and pulsed wave Ao Long Dist – image just superior to bifurcation RT CIA – image of prox/mid CIA LT CIA - image of prox/mid CIA Ao Trans Prox – image superior to celiac trunk - w & w/o measurements (width & AP) Ao Trans Mid – image inferior to SMA - w & w/o measurements (width & AP) Ao Trans Dist – image just superior to bifurcation - w & w/o measurements (width & AP) Ao Trans Bif or RT/LT CIA (both CIA in one image)- w & w/o measurements (width & AP)

Question 33

Remember the aorta radiological images

Answer 33

Page 167-171 on lectures doc

Question 34

testicular torsion

Answer 34

Definition: The twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding structures within the scrotum. Clinical Indications/Risk Factors: Sudden severe pain, nausea, vomiting, swelling, and the affected testicle may sit higher and more horizontal. Most commonly happens between ages 12-18. Some men may be predisposed to testicular torsion as a result of inadequate connective tissue within the scrotum. Can also result from trauma or infection to the scrotum/testes, particularly if significant swelling occurs. It may also occur after strenuous exercise, or may not have an obvious cause.

Question 35

Fibroadenoma

Answer 35

Definition: Solitary mass in the breast composed of fibroglandular and connective tissue. Clinical Indications: Painless, firm mass that is mobile. Risk Factors: Obesity, being on estrogen replacement therapy, being nulliparous, use of oral contraceptive pills, and/or high socioeconomic status.

Question 36

Ectopic Pregnancy (Tubal, Extrauterine, Eccyesis)

Answer 36

Life threatening pregnancy (for mom and/or baby) in which a fertilized ovum develops outside the uterus (or in an inappropriate area of the uterus – cervix, cornua/interstitial) with 80-90% of ectopic pregnancies occurring in the ampulla of the Fallopian tube. Pain, amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, abdominal tenderness, palpable adnexal mass, positive pregnancy test. *Possible - Shoulder pain (referred pain due to intraperitoneal bleed due to rupture). History may include - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), prior surgery of the fallopian tubes, fertility patient, or idiopathic.

Question 37

Abnormal Pregnancy

Answer 37

Abnormal - Possible pseudogestational sac in uterus and gestational sac in adnexa or inappropriate area of the uterus (for example, cornua. Or in cervix) with thickened echogenic ring “the ring of fire” (trophoblastic tissue activity).

Question 38

Fatty Infiltration (aka - steatosis, fatty liver disease)

Answer 38

Acquired disorder of metabolism caused by intracellular accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes. Two main types: - NAFLD and Alcohol induced. NAFLD is the most common liver condition in the Western world. It is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, hepatic failure, and liver cancer. Usually asymptomatic. When signs/symptoms occur, they include fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Some Risk Factors - Obesity, type 2 diabetes, uncontrolled hyperlipidemia, excessive alcohol intake (ETOH), severe hepatitis. Related Labs - Elevation of ALT and AST.

Question 39

Thyroid Cysts

Answer 39

Cystic structures in thyroid, single or multiple. Commonly seen in the thyroid. They may be simple cysts, or may contain bright echogenic foci/hyperechoic structure - which typically represent colloid-filled cysts. Often asymptomatic. Possible palpable lump, difficulty breathing or swallowing if large. No related labs.

Question 40

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 40

Stones in the kidney. They are composed of calcium and salts. Kidneys are the second most common area for calculi in the body. Clinical Indications/Risk Factors/Related Labs: Causes include metabolic disorders (calcium), high calcium intake, and chronic UTI’s. Common in Men >30 years old. Patients will present with acute back/flank pain that may radiate into the ipsilateral groin. Possible dysuria, hematuria, cloudy urine, fever, and/or chills.

Question 41

Aneurysm aka Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

Answer 41

Forms when tensile strength of wall decreases. Aorta measures >3 cm Types: Fusiform - Most Common, football shaped dilation Saccular - A localized dilation forming a saclike protrusion Pulsatile abd mass, abdomen pain radiating to back, abdominal bruit, hemodynamic compromise in lower legs, or may be asymptomatic. Risk Factors: tobacco, hypertension, vascular disease, COPD, family history, and other conditions. No labs - aside from decreased hematocrit if rupture.