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Biopsych > Final Exam Review Packet 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Packet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

They are dopamine antagonists in the mesolimbic path.

A

First-generation antipsychotic drugs

Second-generation antipsychotic drugs

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2
Q

They are dopamine agonists in the prefrontal cortex.

A

Second-generation antipsychotic drugs
Methylphenidate
Atomoxetine

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3
Q

First-generation antipsychotics are more successful in treating ______ symptoms than ________ symptoms

A

positive, negative

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4
Q

Explain why L-Dopa, prescribed for Parkinson’s disease, can cause symptoms that resemble schizophrenia. Would they be “positive” or “negative” symptoms? (Remember that L-Dopa is a dopamine agonist.)

A

Increasing dopamine in mesolimbic path might cause positive symptoms.

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5
Q

Ketamine, which is a _________ (name neurotransmitter and receptor) antagonist, might be helpful for:

A

Glutamate NMDA

depression

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6
Q

Acetylcholine (and nicotine) can have an indirect effect on schizophrenia by stimulating NMDA receptors. Does this relieve or exacerbate symptoms?
(Think about whether glutamate action is deficient or excessive in schizophrenia.)

A

relieve

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7
Q

Monochorionic twins, who share a single placenta, are much more likely to be concordant for schizophrenia than are dichorionic monozygotic twins.
This is strong evidence for the importance of

A

prenatal environment.

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8
Q

A deficiency in serotonin action may contribute to:

a. major depression
b. seasonal affective disorder
c. anxiety
d. OCD
e. aggression

A

a. major depression
b. seasonal affective disorder
c. anxiety
d. OCD
e. aggression

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9
Q

Genetic influence is strong for:

a. ADHD
b. OCD
c. Depression
d. Schizophrenia

A

a. ADHD
b. OCD
c. Depression
d. Schizophrenia

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10
Q

In the HPA axis, what hormone is released from the hypothalamus? The pituitary gland? The adrenal cortex?

A

hypothalamus = CRH
Pituitary = ACTH
Adrenal cortex = glucocorticoids

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11
Q

In the HPG axis, what hormone is released from the hypothalamus? What hormones are released from the pituitary gland? The gonads?

A

Hypothalamus = GnRH
Pituitary gland = LH and FSH
Gonads = Estrogen and testosterone

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12
Q

What does it mean to say that there is a negative feedback mechanism for the HPA axis, and for the HPG axis?

A

CRH decreases in response to glucocorticoids, and GnRH decreases in response to estrogen and testosterone.

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13
Q

If the amount of CRH is not affected by dexamethasone, what would that indicate about the HPA axis?

A

Negative feedback isn’t working properly (i.e., HPA axis is dysregulated).

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14
Q

In addition to their negative feedback affecting CRH, glucocorticoids can also affect the HPG axis. Explain Why is this important?

A

Glucocorticoids can suppress GnRH.

decrease fertility

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15
Q

Kisspeptin from the arcuate nucleus helps to trigger ________ and it is in turn influenced by leptin

A

puberty

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16
Q

How would a GnRH antagonist influence sexual motivation?

A

decrease

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17
Q

Androgens influence sexual motivation in:

A

Both men and women

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18
Q

Adrenarche is caused by _________ from _______

A

Increase in androgens from the adrenal cortex

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19
Q

Prenatal androgens may influence sexual orientation. True or False

A

true

20
Q

Oxytocin does the following

A

causes milk ejection in lactating women.
is released during orgasm.
contributes to pair bonding.

21
Q

Androgens have an _________________ effect on aggressiveness.

A

organizational

activational

22
Q

What neurotransmitter (a deficiency of it) seems to have an important influence on aggressiveness?

A

serotonin

23
Q

Testosterone not only influences behavior but responds to events. Give an example.

A

Competitive situations, anticipation of sex

23
Q

Testosterone not only influences behavior but responds to events. Give an example.

A

Competitive situations, anticipation of sex

24
Q

Neuropeptide Y from the arcuate nucleus affects appetite by increasing release of _________ from the lateral hypothalamus

A

MCH and orexin

25
Q

What effect do CART neurons have on MCH and orexin?

A

Decrease

26
Q

What affects do ghrelin and leptin have on neuropeptide Y?

A

Ghrelin increases NPY, but leptin decreases it

27
Q

Peptide YY is released by the small intestine. The greater the number of calories ingested, the _______ the amount of PYY.

A

larger

28
Q

What effect does Peptide YY have on neuropeptide Y?

A

decrease

29
Q

By what mechanism do cannabinoids affect appetite?

A

Increase MCH and orexin release

30
Q

Sleep deprivation leads to an increase in _____________.

A

b. ghrelin

31
Q

For which of the following is/are an increase linked with hunger?

a. orexin
b. endocannabinoids
c. ghrelin
d. leptin

A

orexin
endocannabinoids
ghrelin

32
Q

If orexin levels are high, how does this influence likelihood of falling asleep?

A

Decrease

33
Q

Which of the following would encourage sleep?

a. noradrengic agonist
b. histamine agonist
c. gaba agonist

A

C. GABA agonist

34
Q

Melatonin is released from _______ gland.

A

the pineal

35
Q

What is the role of adenosine in influencing sleep?

A

Adenosine increases dependent upon time since last slept; it contributes to onset of sleep.

36
Q

How does suvorexant encourage sleep?

A

Orexin antagonist

37
Q

How do benzodiazepines encourage sleep?

A

GABA agonist

38
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, ______ is released from the adrenal medulla.

A

epinephrine

39
Q

A cholinergic (muscarinic) antagonist would be likely to decrease ________________.

a. salivation
b. nasal secretions

A

a. salivation

b. nasal secretions

40
Q

Why would an antidepressant that is a strong noradrenergic agonist, like some tricyclic antidepressants, be likely to cause dry mouth?

A

Noradrenergic agonist mimics sympathetic nervous system.

41
Q

If someone has a disease that reduces either the number of cholinergic neurons or the receptors, how can an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor help to compensate?

A

Prolongs action of acetylcholine

42
Q

Severe pain is likely to _______________ release of endogenous opioids.

A

increase

43
Q

Reduction in mu receptors, e.g., because of downregulation by opioid use, would _____________ pain perception.

A

increase

44
Q

Heroin addiction may be overcome with the help of buprenorphine. Is it an opioid agonist or antagonist?

A

agonist

45
Q

An opioid antagonist is useful for:

a. blocking a heroin overdose
b. maintaining abstinence from heroin
c. maintaining abstinence from alcohol

A

a. blocking a heroin overdose
b. maintaining abstinence from heroin
c. maintaining abstinence from alcohol

46
Q

All successful anti-depressant treatments decrease activity in the ______, but increase activity in the_______.

A

anterior cingulate cortex

prefrontal cortex

Biopsych (7 decks)

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