Final Exam Study Guide Exam 3

Question 1

the phantom limb phenomenon can include

Answer 1

sensations of pain, pressure, warmth, cold and itching

Question 2

the frequency of vibration determines its

Answer 2

pitch

Question 3

because the cochlea is filled with fluids, sounds transmitted through air,

Answer 3

must be transferred to a liquid medium

Question 4

the lower frequencies of sound are encoded into pitch by means of

Answer 4

rate (frequency) coding

Question 5

to determine the left-right localization of continuous low-pitched sounds, we use phase differences, which refers to

Answer 5

the time interval between the arrival at each ear of the oscillating sound wave

Question 6

the ___ contains the sensory receptors of the semicircular canals

Answer 6

ampulla

Question 7

ocular dominance refers to

Answer 7

alternate columns in the visual cortex responding to inputs from left and right eye

Question 8

the semicircular canals are aligned

Answer 8

to the sagittal, transverse and horizontal planes in the head

Question 9

dorsal stream of visua processing

Answer 9

is the “where” pathway

Question 10

depth perception is achieved by

Answer 10

• monocular depth cues
• motion parallax
• retinal disparity

Question 11

phototransduction refers to

Answer 11

converting light signals to electro-chemical signals

Question 12

the 2 parts of the photopigment molecule are

Answer 12

opsin and retinal

Question 13

optic nerves from each eye meet at the ___ where half of the axons cross to the opposite side of the brain

Answer 13

optic chiasm

Question 14

centre-surround

Answer 14

shape of receptive field of ganglion cells

Question 15

the first step in visual perception occurs when light

Answer 15

causes a photopigment to split into its 2 parts

Question 16

retinal disparity helps us to recognize

Answer 16

depth

Question 17

CO blobs of the striate cortex contain

Answer 17

color sensitive neurons

Question 18

the ventral stream of visual association cortex recognizes

Answer 18

the identity and color of an object

Question 19

Neurons in the ___ are colorblind, but can detect small contrasts between light and dark

Answer 19

magnocellular system

Question 20

people who can not recognize common objects by sight but have good visual acuity have

Answer 20

visual agnosia

Question 21

can’t recognize faces

Answer 21

prosopangnosia

Question 22

akinetopsia is the inability to

Answer 22

perceive movement

Question 23

most mammals such as dogs are ___, although humans are ___

Answer 23

dichromats; trichromats

Question 24

what types of coding are involved in pitch?

Answer 24

frequency coding, place coding

Question 25

___ lobes primarily process visual info; ___ lobes process auditory info.

Answer 25

occipital; temporal

Question 26

has no hair follicles

Answer 26

glabrous skin

Question 27

located in the middle layer of the retina and send info from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

Answer 27

bipolar cells

Question 28

color is a property od

Answer 28

the brain

Question 29

locate figure v. ground detect movement detect color

Answer 29

functions of vision

Question 30

- light sensitive (not color) - found in periphery of retina - consists of stacked protein disks

Answer 30

rods

Question 31

- color sensitive - found mostly in fovea - one continuous membrane

Answer 31

cones

Question 32

are there more rods or cones?

Answer 32

rods (120 million to cones 6 million)

Question 33

retinal circuitry orders

Answer 33

photoreceptor- 1st order Bipolar cells- 2nd order ganglion- 3rd order

Question 34

bony pockets in the front of the skull

Answer 34

orbits

Question 35

white tissue of the eye

Answer 35

sclera

Question 36

mucous membrane that line the eyelid and protect the eye

Answer 36

conjuctiva

Question 37

transparent outer covering of the eye that admits light

Answer 37

cornea

Question 38

adjustable opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

Answer 38

pupil

Question 39

pigmented ring of muscles situated behind the cornea

Answer 39

iris

Question 40

consist of a series of transparent, onion-like layers. Shape can be changed by contraction of ciliary muscles

Answer 40

lens

Question 41

changes in the thickness of the lens, accomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

Answer 41

accommodation

Question 42

the neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye

Answer 42

retina

Question 43

area of retina that mediates the most acute vision. contains mostly color-sensitive cones

Answer 43

fovea

Question 44

location on the retina where fibers of ganglion cells exit the eye; responsible for the blind spot

Answer 44

optic disk

Question 45

which channels are open and what is released in the dark?

Answer 45

Na+ channels open, glutamate released

Question 46

__ breaks opsin and retinal apart

Answer 46

light

Question 47

visual pathway within retina

Answer 47

photoreceptor-> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell

Question 48

visual pathway beyond retina

Answer 48

ganglion cell-> through optic chiasm-> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) -> primary visual cortex-> extra striate areas

Question 49

"ON-Cell"

Answer 49

light placed on center increases firing; light placed on surround decreases firing

Question 50

- cells from retina terminate in LGN layers 1,2 - carry info on contrast and movement (color insensitive) - carry input from "A" retinal ganglion (Y type) cells

Answer 50

magnocellular system

Question 51

cells from the retina terminate in LGN layers 3-6 - carry info on fine detail, and R/G color - carry input from "B" retinal ganglion cell (X type)

Answer 51

parvocellular system

Question 52

cells from retina terminate between major layers in LGN - carry info on B/Y color - carry input from bistratified ganglion cells

Answer 52

koniocellular system

Question 53

is the circular receptive field larger for magnocellular or parvocellular

Answer 53

magnocellular

Question 54

cells respond to same orientation, adjacent cells are shifted by 10 degrees

Answer 54

orientation columns

Question 55

visual neurons respond to

Answer 55

a sine wave grating: alternating patches of light and dark

Question 56

which is mostly magnocellular input: dorsal or ventral

Answer 56

dorsal

Question 57

"what an object is (analysis form)

Answer 57

ventral

Question 58

equal mix of magnocellular and parvocellular output

Answer 58

ventral

Question 59

monocular cues

Answer 59

- perspective - relative retinal size - apparent movement (motion parallax) - occlusion

Question 60

binocular cues

Answer 60

- retinal disparity (stereopsis): difference in images

Question 61

form perception totally absent

Answer 61

apperceptive agnosia

Question 62

disconnection between form recognition and some type of verbal/ associative output

Answer 62

associative agnosia

Question 63

outer ear membrane

Answer 63

- pinna - auditory canal (meatus) - tympanic membrane

Question 64

middle ear

Answer 64

- ossicles: malleus, incus, staoes

Question 65

inner ear

Answer 65

cochlea

Question 66

3 chambers of the cochlea

Answer 66

S. Vestibuli S. media S. tympani

Question 67

___ hair cells touch the tectorial membrane directly

Answer 67

outer

Question 68

___ hair cells do not touch the tectorial membrane, but the fluid moves them

Answer 68

inner

Question 69

for high frequencies, vibration produces a travelling wave

Answer 69

near the base of basilar membrane

Question 70

for moderate frequencies, vibration produces a travelling wave

Answer 70

near the apex of basilar membrane

Question 71

different regions of the basilar membrane project to different areas of cortex:

Answer 71

tonotopic representation

Question 72

support for place theory

Answer 72

- observations of travelling waves - antibiotics - cochlear implants

Question 73

perception of Pitch: place coding

Answer 73

mid-to-high frequencies

Question 74

perception of pitch: rate coding

Answer 74

low frequencies

Question 75

coding of localization: low frequencies

Answer 75

phase or time of arrival coding

Question 76

coding of localization: high frequencies

Answer 76

"sound shadows"/ timbre

Question 77

perception of body's position and posture | - provides feedback from muscles, joints and organs to control movement

Answer 77

proprioception

Question 78

perception of body's own movements

Answer 78

kinesthesia

Question 79

sense modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of body

Answer 79

organic sense

Question 80

precise touch, kinesthesia | - decussates at midbrain

Answer 80

Somatosensory pathway: lemniscal pathway

Question 81

pain, temperature | - decussates at spinal cord

Answer 81

spinothalamic pathway