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anth 100 > Final Exam Studying > Flashcards

Final Exam Studying Flashcards

1
Q

Agency

A

The capacity of a person to think for themselves and control their life choices.

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2
Q

Anthropological Perspective

A

Evolutionary, holistic, and comparative methods applied to the study of humans.

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3
Q

Cultural Adaptation

A

A belief or behaviour that allows an organism with culture (especially humans) to better thrive in its environment.

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4
Q

Cultural Relativism (Boas)

A

All cultures are equally valid and each can be understood only in its own context.

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5
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

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6
Q

Emic

A

Insider’s view

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7
Q

Etic

A

Outsider’s view

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8
Q

Enculturation

A

The process by which child learns his or her culture

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9
Q

Ethnicity

A

Shared culture, language, and history.

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10
Q

Race

A

A term used to describe varieties or subspecies of a species; inaccurately used to refer to human differences

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11
Q

Worldview

A

The way a group understands and interprets the world; includes all aspects of its culture.

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12
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

Looking at humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation.

Includes human biology, Primatology, Palaeoanthropology, and forensic anthropology.

Examples of applied biological anthropology: DNA analyst, epidemiologist, ergonomics (product developer)

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13
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

The study of living people and their cultures, including variation and change.

Examples of applied cultural anthropology: business (market research), poverty reduction, community development, disaster planning/management.

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14
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

Study of communication, mainly among humans, including origins and contemporary variations

Examples of applied linguistic anthropology: Supporting Indigenous language efforts, forensics linguistics

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15
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of past human cultures through their material remains.

Examples of applied archaeology: cultural resource management, museums, historical sites, and historic preservation.

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16
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

Anthropology put to use.

Involves the use or application of anthropological knowledge to help solve sovial problems or to shape and achieve policy goals.

Anthropological methods, theory, and perspectives to solve human problems.

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17
Q

Dependence Training

A

A type of enculturation in which the family unit is prioritized over the individual.

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18
Q

Independence Training

A

A type of enculturation in which the individual is prioritized over the family unit.

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19
Q

Attributes of Dependence Training

A

Extended families

Collective/Communal

Sharing of resources

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20
Q

Attributes of Independence Training

A

Nuclear families

Modernization/Industralizatist countries where moving to cities for jobs is required

Individualistic

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21
Q

Lens of Anthropology

A
  1. Holistic
  2. Evolutionary
  3. Comparitive
  4. Qualitative
  5. Focused on linkages
  6. Focused on change
  7. Done through fieldwork
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22
Q

Maladaptive

A

Cultural practices that are harmful or not productive for a culture’s survival in the long run.

Ex. Female Genetal Mutation

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23
Q

Measuring Adaptive vs. Maladaptive (x5)

A

Health

Demographics

Goods + Services

Order

Enculturation Efficiency

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24
Q

American Anthropological Association (AAA) Code of Ethics

A

Anthropological work is dependent on trust

Weigh the possible impacts of the work and strive to do no harm.

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25
Q

Participant Observation

A

Method in which the anthropologist lives among a people for an extended period of time.

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26
Q

Methods of Participant Observation (x6)

A

Formal interviews

Informal interviews

Life histories/Oral histories

Case studies

Kinship Data

Photography

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27
Q

Ethnoecology

A

Looks at the interactions of a group of people has with its natural environment.

Focus on Indigenous concepts of food, medicine, or ritual.

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28
Q

Culture

A

The learned things that people:

Cognition: What we think

Behaviour: What we do

Artifacts: What we have

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29
Q

Attributes of Culture (x4)

A

Learned

Shared

Symbolic

Holistic

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30
Q

Contemporary Exigency of Anthropology

A

1) Help people suffering from epdiemics, natural disasters, and conflict

2) Research and planning for sustainability, climate change, food security and space exploration

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31
Q

Human

A

At minimum, Homo sapiens, alhtough most anthropologists define it as any member of the genus homo or biological family Homininae.

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32
Q

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)

A

The collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people has gained over many generations living in their particular ecosystem.

May be used positively or negatively (when removed from context)

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33
Q

Example Components of Culture that Interact

A

Subsistence, diet, technology, communication, settlement patterns, economic systems, social systems, political systems, ideology, arts, health, and healing.

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34
Q

Archaeological Record

A

Starting as early as 3.5 million years ago (2.5 million years ago) until (in BC) 1846.

Varied definitions.

The material remains of the human past and present, through evolutionary, holistic, and comparative perspectives.

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35
Q

Artifact

A

Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity.

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36
Q

Ecofact

A

Plant and animal remains used to make inferences about palaeo-environments and diet.

Botanical and faunal.

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37
Q

Assemblage

A

A group of artifacts related in some way - usually by being found in the same context.

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38
Q

Feature

A

A nonportable object or patterning created by people and recognized archaeologically, such as a fire hearth.

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39
Q

Site

A

Any location where there is physical evidence of past human activity.

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40
Q

Foodways

A

The methods, knowledge, and practices regarding food in a particular society.

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41
Q

Garbology

A

Archaeological inquiry into current/contemporary waste disposal practices.

Helps with real behaviours versus ideal behaviours in sample collections.

Helps with sustainability issues.

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42
Q

Midden

A

A discrete accumulation of refuse, stratified cultural deposits.

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43
Q

Absolute Dating

A

Dating specific ages or age ranges.

Radio-carbon dating, potassium-argon dating.

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44
Q

Relative Dating

A

Dating based on “younger” and “older” than.

Typology, stratigraphy, association.

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45
Q

Archaeological Biases

A

Affect what is considered important to study and how evidence is interpreted.

Inorganic materials, abandoned trash sites, male bias, East Africa and Europe.

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46
Q

The Palaeolithic

A

Upper Palaeolithic: measured in tens of thousands of years - Homo Sapiens

Middle Palaeolithic: measured in hundreds of thousands of years - Neanderthals/Homo Sapiens

Lower Palaeolithic: measured in millions of years - hominid development

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47
Q

Major Cultural Developments of the Lower Palaeolithic

A

First evidence of culture, in the form of tools (oldowan)

Probable control of fire, dependence on hunting, and meat eating, acheulean hand ax.

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48
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Examines accumulation of sediments in layers (strata).

Relating to law of superposition.

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49
Q

Radio-Carbon Dating

A

All living things contain carbon-14. The rate it decays at begins at the instant of death and is known.

Best for dating ecofacts less than 50, 000 years old.

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50
Q

Archaeological Visibility

A

Influenced by factors like presrevation conditions and landscape visibility.

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51
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A

Uses both archaeological and ethnographic research to study present-day societies in order to understand the formation of archaeological sites.

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52
Q

Finding Paleoanthropological Sites

A

Looking in places where human remains have already been found (Great Rift Valley - East Africa)

Targeting sites where sediments from the time period of interest are exposed.

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53
Q

The Human Fossil Record

A

Interpretation of history based on data of collected remains

The assemblage of remains (very little in total)

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54
Q

Why do teeth preserve the best?

A

Contains dentin in the enamel.

Mandible preserves second best because it is thick.

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55
Q

Taphonomy

A

Study of what happens to organic remains after death.

Knowledge of natural/cultural causes that leave behind physical attributes to fossils.

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56
Q

Hominins

A

All members of Homo genus and taxa with evidence of habitual bipedalism that emerged since split of common ancestors with chimps/bonobos.

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57
Q

Major Cultural Developments of the Middle Palaeolithic

A

Advances in stone tool technology (lithic), territorial expansion.

Spears

Perhaps deliberate burials, art, and jewlery.

Advancement into northern latitudes.

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58
Q

Major Cultural Developments of the Upper Palaeolithic

A

Undisputed evidence of burials, art, and jewlery.

Invention of the atlatl.

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59
Q

Atlatl

A

Throwing spear

Invented in the Upper Palaeolithic.

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60
Q

Modes of Studying Palaeolithic Diets (Neanderthals)

A

Ecofacts (the foods)

Artifacts (the means)

DNA (blood on tools, plaque on teeth)

Coprolites

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61
Q

Neolithic

A

New Stone Age

10,000 to 5,000 years ago

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61
Q

Hearth

A

A discrete area where people controlled fire.

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62
Q

Base Camps

A

Discrete areas with physical evidence that people were temporarily occupying a place for resource processing or habitation.

Artifacts and ecofacts (specific patterns), butchering activities, lithic tools and bones.

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63
Q

Habitation Sites

A

Areas with physical evidence indicating that people were living there, at least temporarily.

May include evidence for processing sites.

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64
Q

Resource Processing Sites

A

Areas where physical remains indicate that people were harvesting (hunting, gathering, scavenging) and/or processing resources (for food or artifact manufacture).

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65
Q

Coprolites

A

Preserved (human) feces.

Good indicator of diet.

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66
Q

Factors Enabling Territory Expansion

A

control/use of fire

bipedalism

social systems

clothing

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67
Q

Types of Tools Found

A

Lithic (stones for cutting)

Oldowan

Acheulean

Sharpened sticks/spears

Atlatl

Bows and arrows

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68
Q

Venus Figure Interpretations

A

Sexual objects

Ritual, charm, totem

Art, self-portrait

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69
Q

Consequences of Controlling Fire (x6)

A

Territory expansion

Consumption of food (biological changes)

Ritual and religion

Social interactions, communication

Technological advances (materials and tools)

Subsistence actvities (burning feilds and time spent at habitation sites)

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70
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

Settlement of North America

Transition to Food Production

Settlement and Technology

Social and Political Systems

Writing and Art

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71
Q

Agriculture

A

Intensive Cultivation

A farming technique that can support a large population, using advanced tools and irrigation, and requiring more preparation and maintenance of the soil.

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72
Q

Prehistory

A

Referring to the time period vefore written records or human documentation.

Places writing systems on a pedastol.

Issues of chronology - when was writing actually started.

Harmful terminology rooted in colonialism

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73
Q

Pastoralism

A

Domestication of animals

Small variety of animals - maintaining variety of plants.

Larger, more permanent settlement.

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74
Q

Horticulture

A

Domestication of plants

Small variety of plants, large variety of animals.

Larger, more permanent settlement.

May include Swidden Cultivation and crop rotation through migration.

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75
Q

Advantages of Domestication

A

A food surplus to increase the carrying capacity of a region.

A more sedentary lifestyle so that people can use/accumulate more goods.

The food surplus and sedentary lifestyle can encourage food storage for food shortages

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76
Q

Disadvantages of Domestication

A

Less leisure time than a foraging lifestyle.

People tend to have poorer nutrition and more diseases.

A larger population and sedentary lifestyle increases the likelihood of interpersonal conflict.

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77
Q

Consequences of Domestication

A

Reduced mobility

Creation of surplus and demand cycle

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78
Q

Foraging

A

Wide variety of foods

Social activity with small egalitarian groups

Mobile (Seasonal sites)

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79
Q

Symptoms of Domestication of Plants

A

Usable part of the plant is larger

Lost natural dispersal mechanism

Usable part of the plant is clustered

Genetic change

Loss of dormancy

Plants ripen simultaneously

Less self-protection (thorns, toxins)

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80
Q

Symptoms of Animal Domestication

A

Smaller animal size

More complete skeletons in the faunal assemblage

High percentage of young male animals in assemblage

High percentage of old females in the assemblage

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81
Q

Pastoralist Community

A

Tribe w/ Big Man

Villages each have an official/unofficial Big Man

fewer than a few thousand people.

Leadership achieved

Semi-sedentary.

Nomadic

Sexual division of labour

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82
Q

Horticultural Community

A

Chiefdom

Smaller groups, similar to tribe.

Larger groups (chiefdom) using a strict heirarchy (having more objects) based on heredity.
Taxes of goods or labour is paid to leader.

Populations could reach tens of thousands.

Sedentary locations; relocating when local resources are exhausted.

Sexual division of labor.

General and balanced reciprocity.

Swidden Cultivation

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83
Q

Agricultural Community

A

States

Living in large settlements (sedentary)

Connected by roads, trades, etc.

Social inequalities

Evidence of infrastructure

Redistribution allowing for specialization

Government

Taxes (redistribution of resources)

Military

Associated with market economy

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84
Q

Foraging Community

A

Bands

Low social density

Sexual division of labor

Egalitarian

Lack of specialization and ownership

Cooperative and operating within reciprocity.

Nomadic

85
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

Modern day Syria and Northern Iraq

Birth place of agriculture and sedentism (living in one place for a long time).

86
Q

Coastal Migration Route/Kelp Highway

A

People came down from Beringia along the coast of Alaska and British Columbia.

Using boats and walking along the coast line.

87
Q

Ice-Free Corridor Route

A

A separation of two glaciers divding, creating an ice-less path towards the south.

88
Q

North Atlantic Route

A

Solutrean Hypothesis

Traveling across the North Atlantic southward down the glacian environment of eastern Canada .

89
Q

Beringia

A

A large, ice-free area connecting northern Asia to northwest North America during the last ice age.

90
Q

Ceramics

A

Baked clay (pottery) beginning in the Upper Paleolithic.

Result of food surpluses and the creation of cities.

Not suited for nomadic lifestyle - bulky, heavy, fragile.

91
Q

Mesopotamia

A

First considered state (civilization).

Agricultural base

State-level political orginization.

Monumental architecture

At least one city

Writing (cuneiform)

92
Q

Ancient One/Kennewick man

A

Discovered on Columbia River in 1996.

Radiocarbon dating 9800 years old.

Found on military property, traditionally Native American land (Umatilla).

Were the oldest human remains found in North America.

Assumed to be a settler, perpetuating white-supremacist conspiracy theories, and preventing ownership/rights to remains and data.

93
Q

State

A

Lots of people living together in two or more large settlemetns (connected by roads, trade, etc.)

Evidence of infrastructure

Reliance on food producers

Jobs

Government to manage resources

Taxes to redistribute goods

Military forces (protection and policing)

94
Q

NAGPRA

A

Native American graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Federal US law that provides the protection and return of Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony.

Return to lineal descendents, to the tribe on whose land they were discovered or to the tribe that has the closest cultural affiliation and which makes a claim.

95
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

The explanation that requires the fewest assumptions is usually correct.

96
Q

Bioarchaeology

A

The study of human remains in archaeological context.

Study of any biological remains from an archaeology site.

97
Q

Pareidolia

A

Ancient phenomenon where triggers evolved pattern recognition loops in the brain.

Recognizing images out of things that they aren’t.

Tuned to find faces.

Has affects on archaeological findings - fossilised fragments of ammonites resemble bison.

98
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

A slab of basalt on which are inscribed three different kinds of writing; providing the key for deciphering Egyptian heiroglyphs.

99
Q

Explanations for the collapse of Civilizations

A

Ecolgoical

Social/Political

Ideological

100
Q

City

A

A settlement having at least 5,000 residents.

101
Q

Empire

A

When one state dominantes or exercises control over others.

Identified by the commingling of cultural traditions and connecting road systems.

102
Q

Repatriation

A

The return of the cultural property, often referring to ancient or looted art, to tehir country of origin or former owners (or their heirs).

103
Q

Pseudoarchaeology

A

Archaeological claims or conclusions which are fake, fraudulent or fantastical and not rooted in Science or History.

Assumptions, conclusions based on elimination.

104
Q

Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI)

A

Sort by species, than by unique element.

105
Q

Industrialism

A

Methods of producing food and goods using highly mechanized machinery and digital information.

106
Q

World Heritage List

A

List, maintained by UNESCO, of cultural and natural heritage sites that have outstanding universal value.

Benefits and problems exist (p. 175-176).

107
Q

Experimental Archaeology

A

Recreating hypothesized situations to test theories.

Ex. Eating a whole shrew to see how many bones survive the digestion process.

108
Q

Subsistence

A

Food procuremnet; basic food needs for survival

109
Q

Modes of Exchange

A

Reciprocity
Redistribution
Market Exchange

110
Q

Economic Anthropology

A

How goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.

Concerned with foodways and natural resource distribution.

111
Q

Social Density

A

The measure of interpersonal conflicts caused by number of people in community.

Less with foraging communities.

112
Q

Reciprocity

A

Social rules governing the specialized sharing of food and other items.

Gifts create a social, political, and economic relationship that is relatively fragile.

113
Q

Generalized Reciprocity

A

A form of specialized sharing in which the value of a gift is not specified at the time of exchange, nor is the time of repayment.

114
Q

Leveling Mechanism

A

A social and economic obligation to distribute wealth so that no one member of a group accumulates more than anyone else.

115
Q

Cargo System

A

A political and religious system among the Maya in which adult males must serve the community in a volunteer position for at least one year.

An example of a leveling mechanism.

116
Q

Swidden Cultivation

A

Slash-and-burn

Preparing a plot of land by clearing fast-growing trees and other plant material from an area and burning the debris directly in the plot.

Ash provides soil nutrients.

117
Q

Social Distance

A

How well people know each other, or live alongside one another.

Minimal social distance increases reciprocity.

118
Q

Redistribution

A

Goods and money flow into a central entity (governmnet or religious institute) which organizes and allocates them back to the citizens.

Means of taxes and tribute are used.

119
Q

Tribute

A

Items that are required by a central governing body at regular intervals, in addition to or in lieu of taxes.

Food items or material goods.

120
Q

Market Economy

A

Law of supply and demand sets the rates for food and other goods, which must be traded or purchased according to a set price.

Based on the use of money.

121
Q

Special-Purpose Money

A

Only used to measure the value of things in the marketplace.

Only use is symbolic in market.

122
Q

Multipurpose Money

A

Commodity money

Practical items that can both be used to symbolically measure market prices as well as having a practical use.

123
Q

Negative Reciprocity

A

The seller decieves the buyer as to the real value of the object.

124
Q

Functions of Industrialist Foodways (x7)

A

Organization and management

Power of machinery

Effectiveness of chemical inputs

Monoculture and GM crops

Confined animal feeding operations (CAFO)

Negative effect on environment.

Associated with a market economy.

125
Q

Nutrition Transition

A

The shift in diet and associated health problems (including obesity) related to using industrialist foodways.

Related:

Decrease level of nutrition

Emphasis on quantity of food

Domestication decreasing health and dental hygiene

Rise of unproven fad diets.

126
Q

Balanced Reciprocity

A

A form of exchange in which the value of goods is specified as well as the time frame of repayment.

127
Q

Subsitence Strategy Affects

A

Carrying capacity

Mobility

Social distance and density

Development of social mechanisms

128
Q

Family Types

A

Nuclear (neolocal)

Extended (descent)

129
Q

Universal Kinship Rules

A
  1. Kinship systems involve structures that support the care of infants and children.
  2. Marriage exists in different forms.
  3. Gendered labour that plays out in kinship arrangements.
  4. Rules about incest.
130
Q

Affinal

A

Related by marriage.

131
Q

Consanguineal

A

Related by blood.

132
Q

Nurturance

A

Non-blood relationships based on mutual caring and attachment.

132
Q

Fictive

A

Includingnon-blood relations in the family with all the expectations of a blood-related family member.

133
Q

Individualist Family Structure (x6)

A

Individual as primary unit.

Emphasis on happiness, fulfillment, self-expression.

Early independence encouraged

Variable roles, achieved status

Spousal bond emphasised

Autonomous decisions expected

134
Q

Collectivist Family Structure

A

Family as primary unit

Family relationships, responsibiities, and harmony

Continued interdependence on family

Heriarchical family roles, ascribed status

Parent-child bond emphasised

Collective decisions for family and children

135
Q

Marriage

A

Social process that:

Transforms status

Regulates sex

Perpetuates social patterns

Creates relationships between the kin of partners

Symbollically marked

Purposes include:
Sex, Labor, Children

136
Q

Exogamy

A

Marrying outside one’s own group

137
Q

Endomagy

A

Marrying within one’s own grop

138
Q

Homogamy

A

Marrying someone of similar background (social status, aspirations, and interests)

139
Q

Unilineal Descent

A

Only one line of descent is recognized.

Matrilineal and patrilineal.

140
Q

Bilateral Descent

A

Tracing of descent equally through both parents.

141
Q

Patrilineal Descent

A

Kinship is traced through the male line.

Men control power and prroperty.

Pastoralist and agricultural economies.

Typically patrilocal (family settles in husbands home)

142
Q

Matrilineal Descent

A

Kinship is traced through the female line.

Women control land and products

Associated with horticultural economies

Typically matriloca.

Not a mirror image of patrilineality

143
Q

Neolocal Residence Patterns

A

A residence pattern in which a husband and wife move to their own houshold after marriage.

144
Q

Gender

A

A person’s internal experience of their identity as male, female, both, or neither, as well as the expression of that identity in social behavior.

145
Q

Polyandry

A

The marriage practice of having two or more husbands at the same time.

146
Q

Polygamy

A

The marriage practice of having two or more spouses.

147
Q

Polygyny

A

The marriage practice of having two or more wives at the same time.

148
Q

Serial Monogamy

A

The marriage practice of taking a series of partners, one after the other.

149
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

The romantic or sexual attraction to another person.

150
Q

Sexuality

A

Romantic or physical attraction to another person.

151
Q

Two-Spirit

A

An indigenous person who identifies as a thrid-gender occupying a role between males and females with characteristics of each.

152
Q

Bride Price

A

When the husband’s family compensates teh bride’s family for essentially “losing” a daughter.

Including the support, labor, and bearing children for thehusband’s family line.

153
Q

Dowry

A

When the bride’s family essentially gives the newlyweds or the husband’s family her share of an inheritance, depending on the cirumstances.

154
Q

Walking-With

A

A decolonial activity that requires one to honour Indigenous paradigms in a way that is built on reciprocity and mutuality, walking and listening, talking and doing.

155
Q

Two Eyed Seeing

A

Being able to find commonalities between Indigenous and settler Anthropological terminology to carry-out Indigenized research that is recognized by the Settler Anthropological community.

156
Q

Health Literacy

A

An individual’s ability to access, understand, evaluate, and communicate information to promote, maintain and improve health in various life course settings.

157
Q

Social Activism Aligned Research

A

Conducting research with the intention of promoting positive social change, or investigating an issue prevalent to oppressed communities.

Practice and action

158
Q

Social stratification

A

The ranking of members of society into a hierarchy

159
Q

Discrimination

A

Systemic racism, race, gender, colorism, etc.

160
Q

Naturalising Discourses

A

Discourse that has become commonsensical even though it has actually been framed by the values and beliefs of a given social group.

161
Q

Intersectionality

A

A metaphor for understanding the ways tha tmultiple forms of inequality compound themselves and create obstacles not often understood among conventional ways of thinking.

162
Q

Social Mobility

A

The ability of members of society to rise in social class

163
Q

Ascribed Status

A

A social role of a person that is fixed at birth

164
Q

Achieved Status

A

A social role a person achieves due to work and opportunity

165
Q

Caste

A

A hierarchical system based on birth; most commonly associated with Hindu India

166
Q

Class

A

A form of social stratification based on differences in wealth and status.

167
Q

Guilt Culture

A

A culture that focuses on one’s own sense of right and wrong and the punishment that can result from breaking the rules.

168
Q

Internalized controls

A

Impulses that guide a person toward right behavior based on a moral system.

169
Q

Power

A

The ability to compel another person to do something that he or she would not do otherwise.

170
Q

Prestige

A

The positive reputation or high regard of a person or other entity merited by actions, wealth, authority, or status.

171
Q

Ranked Society

A

A society in which prestige and authority are inherited through families

172
Q

Shame Culture

A

A culture in which conformity to social expectations stems from wanting to live up to others’ expectations

173
Q

Sodality

A

Group that brings people together through common concerns, age, or interests

174
Q

Racialization

A

Conscious labelling of an individual or group on teh basis of traits within the context of social heirarchies.

175
Q

Racism

A

Ideology present throughout all aspects of society

176
Q

Colorism

A

System of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colours between white and black.

Can be explicit or implicit.

177
Q

Community-based Participatory Research

A

Researchers and community members collaborate as equal partners in all steps, goals related to social change.

178
Q

Engaged Anthropology

A

Working collaboratively, rather than hierarchically with people.

179
Q

Public Anthropology

A

Study of the stuff tha tpeople outside of academia care about.

180
Q

Coercive

A

Changing someone’s behavior through physical force (stick)

181
Q

Persuasive

A

Chanign someone’s behaior thorugh argument. Specifically, a reward. (carrot)

182
Q

Internalized Controls

A

Impulses that guide a person toward right behvior based on a moral system.

183
Q

Externalized Controls

A

Rules that regulate behavior by envouraging conformity to social norms; may be negative (punishments) or positive (rewards).

184
Q

Uncentralized System

A

A political system with no cnetralized governing body in whcih decisions are made by the community.

185
Q

Cultural Materialism

A

Elman Service

How a society’s organization is based on environment-specific adaptations.

(forms in response to what adaptations are necessary to survive)

186
Q

Anthropology of Religion

A

Study religions, institutional, Indigenous, new Age, and secularism.

Study how they intersect with identity, politicis, rituals, economics, and beliefs.

187
Q

Supernatural

A

Describes those aspects of life that re outside a scientific understanding and that we cannot measure or test; religious.

188
Q

Rituals

A

A symbolic practice that is ordered and regularly repeated.

189
Q

Rites of Passage

A

Rituals makring life’s important transitions from one social or biological role to another.

190
Q

Syncretism

A

A synthesis of religious belief systems.

Example: Modern postural yoga

191
Q

Religion

A

A set of beliefs and behaviors pertaining to supernatural forces or beings that transcend the obervable world.

192
Q

Religious Revitalization Movement

A

A process by which an oppressed group seeks supernatural aid through the creation of new ritual behaviors.

193
Q

Animism

A

The belief that spirit beings can inhabit natural objects. These objects are understood to be that spirit.

194
Q

Animatism

A

The belief that supernatural forces reside in everyday things. These forces are not understood as physical beings and are impersonal.

195
Q

Predeterminism

A

All events of history, past, present and future have already been decided or are already known.

196
Q

Anthropocene

A

Beginning in the 1950s

The geological and environmental era in which humans have drastically and undeniably altered the planet as a whole.

Sometimes placed with the beginning in the industrial revolution.

197
Q

Closed-loop System

A

A system that has finite reources and cannot sustain indefinite growth.

198
Q

Community-based Participatory Research

A

Researchers and community members collaborate as equal partners in all steps, goals related to social change.

199
Q

Environmental Racism

A

A form of systemic racism whereby communities of colour are disproportionately burdened with health hazards.

200
Q

Food Sovereignty

A

The people who produce, distribute, and consume food also control the mechanisms and policies of food production and distribution.

201
Q

Globalization

A

The integration of economic, social, political, and geographic boundaries in complex chains of interconnected systems and processes.

On food: Complex network means high-income countries benefit, where producing low-income countries suffer

202
Q

Three Pillars of Sustainability

A

Social (ability of social systems to provide for the needs of their people to a healthy standard)

Environment

Economic (ability to support indefinite growth)

203
Q

Concentric Model of Sustainability

A

Demonstrates the need of the environment as underlying to social and economic sustaimability.

204
Q

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

A

The community’s needs and goals are identified through a process of participant observation and consultation.

External impacts can be analyzed, and solutions are found collaboratively

205
Q

Determinism

A

The limitations of the environment determine people’s behavior.

206
Q

Locavore

A

A diet that emphasizes foods produced in one’s local community.

207
Q

Flexitarian

A

Seeking out fresh and ethically sourced foods without following a strict set of rules.

208
Q

Seventh Generation

A

Haudenosaunee peoples believe that people today are stewards of future resources of the plane for the seventh generation to come.

209
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

Cattle herders in the feild who get more cattle for themselves.

Not universally applicable.

210
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

Based on the idea that people and culture are shaped by, and depend on, the specifics of their environment.

Food-getting directly affects all aspect of life - culture core

anth 100 (2 decks)

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