Final extra 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
arousal states appear to be determined by interactions in which areas of the brain
brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain
<p>dampening of arousal systems with concomitant active inhibition by thalamocortical systems produces</p>
<p>sleep</p>
<p>areas maintaining wakefulness include</p>
<p>oral pontine reticular formation, midbrain central tegmentum, and posterior hypothalamus</p>
<p>sleep promoting areas are located where</p>
<p>midline brainstem (raphe nucleus), dorsolateral medullary reticular formation, anterior hypothalamic preoptic region</p>
<p>sleep modulating center</p>
<p>magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain</p>
<p>intermingling of both sleep and arousal systems</p>
<p>magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain</p>
<p>the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain projectis acetylcholine projections to which structure in the neocortex</p>
<p>midbrian reticular formation</p>
<p>pontomesencephalic cells promote</p>
<p>wakefulness</p>
<p>pontomesencephalic cells are located where</p>
<p>locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum</p>
<p>pontomesencephalic cells</p>
<p>dopaminergic cells, noradrenergic cells</p>
<p>glutaminergic cells are found where</p>
<p>oral pontine reticular formation</p>
<p>sleep is divided into stages based on</p>
<p>electroencephalography (EEG), electro-occulogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG)</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage I</p>
<p>(light) theta, delta, low (low amplitude) horizontal eye</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage II</p>
<p>(light) theta, delta, sleep spindles, K complexes</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage III</p>
<p>(deep) high amplitude delta (20-25%)</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage IV</p>
<p>(deep) high amplitude delta (>50%)</p>
<p>EEG resembles awake state or NREM stage I</p>
<p>REM</p>
<p>dramatic decrease in EMG activity during</p>
<p>REM</p>
<p>produce cortical desynchronization</p>
<p>lesions in nucleus tractus solitarius</p>
<p>electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius produces</p>
<p>slow wave sleep (NREM)</p>
<p>direct connections between the nucleus tractus solitarius and the major areas of the limbic system exist, examples of these areas are</p>
<p>thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala</p>
<p>lesions in serotonin rich raphe nucleus produce</p>
<p>insomnia</p>
<p>produces insomnia by blocking production of serotonin</p>
<p>prarchlorophenylalanine (PCPA)</p>
<p>slow wave sleep (NREM) can be restored in PCPA induced insomnia by administration of</p>
<p>5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)</p>
serotonin is a precursor for
melatonin
synthesized and released by the pineal gland through sympathetic activation from the retino-hypothalamic tract
melatonin
enhances sleep
melatonin
prolonged bright light stimulation does what to melatonin levels
decreases them
induced both slow wave sleep and REM sleep
prostaglandin D2
prostaglandin inhibition by indomethacin can do what to diurnal sleep
decreases
barbituates
sedatives
benzodiazempines
hypnotics
sedatives and hypnotics do what to GABA receptors and sleep
stimulate GABA receptors and facilitate sleep
rhythmic cortical waveforms generated by oscillatory activity in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus
sleep spindles
cortical EEG is highly desynchronized in
REM sleep
associated with pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes
REM sleep
associated with rapid eye movement, changes in respiration, heart rate, muscle twitches, dreaming
pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes
cholinergic stimulation of the pons induces what
REM sleep
increase activity or norepinephrine and/or serotonin (REM suppressors)
antidepressants
progressive decrease in muscle tone during REM sleep is associated with what
hyperpolarization of motor neurons
levels or rheobase during REM sleep
increased 30%
characterized by bursts of excessive limb and body movements
REM sleep
serves as an endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temperature in a closely coupled fashion
suprachiasmatic nucleus
how are TSH, cortisol, GH, and prolactin associated with the onset of sleep
TSH and cortisol are inhibitied, GH and prolactin are stimulated
what are 10 potential sleep promoting factors
muramyl peptides, lipopolysaccharides, prostaglandin D2, Interlukin 1, Interferon alpha-2, tumor necrosis factor, delta sleep inducing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin/melatonin, prolactin
increases feelings of hunger, food intake, and promotes weight gain
ghrelin
decreases drive for food intake, increases energy utilization, and promotes weight loss
leptin
increased sleep will do what to lepitn and ghrelin levels
increase leptin and decrease ghrelin
decreased sleep will do what to leptin and ghrelin levels
decrease leptin and increase ghrelin
uncontrolled excessive activity of either part or all of the CNS "electrical storm"
epilepsy
precipitating causes of a seizure
strong emotional stimuli, alkalosis (hyperventilation), drugs, fever, loud noises or flashing lights
altered sensation prior to seizure, tingling
aura
rigid stiffening of body, loss of consciousness is which stage of seizure
tonic phase of seizure
strong muscle contractions and convulsions, over within minutes is which stage of seizure
tonic-clonic phase of of seizure
return to consciousness; may be associated with confusion, stupor, slurred speech, weakness is which stage of seizure
post-ictal phase of seizure
treatments for seizures
drugs, surgery, vagal stimulator, chiropractic adjustments
excessive mesolimbic activity
positive symptom for schizophrenia
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
distortion, delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior, illogical thinking, excessive mesolimbic activity
excessive mesocortical activity
negative symptom for schizophrenia
negative symptoms for schizophrenia
alogoria (poverty of speech), flat affect (decrease emotional expression), anhedonia (pleasure inability), avolition (inability to persist with goals), attentional impairment, low prefrontal cortex activity, large ventricles
prominent sulci are involved with?
schizophrenia
which are more likely to be schizophrenic, monozygotic twins or monozygotic twins
monozygotic twins
mental disorder associated with celiac disease
schizophrenia
exaggerated dopamine activity could cause
schizophrenia
an excess of black bile was though to cause what
unipolar depression
inability to experience pleasure
anhedonia
non genetic factors that could cause schizophrenia
poor nutrition, infections during pregnancy, toxins (damage neurons or affect NT system), radiation (mutations)
which schizophrenic symptoms tend to impair the person's ability to function in daily life to a greater extent; positive or negative
negative symptom for schizophrenia
which amino acid carrier systems are dependent of energy and sodium
A system, and ACS system
which amino acid carrier systems are independent of energy and sodium
L system
which division of the nervous system has a greater ability to repair and regenerate; PNS or CNS
PNS
after injury, what can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor
IL-1
characteristics of apoptosis
cell shrinkage, condensation of chromatin, cellular fragmentation, phagocytosis of cellular remnants
large neutral amino acids with branched or ring side chains (leucine, valine) are associated with which BBB AA system
L system
neutral AA with short linear or polar sidechains (alanine, serine) are associated with which BBB AA system
A system
may limit accumulation of glycine in cord and glutamate in the brain
A system
alanine, serine, and cystein are associated with which BBB AA system
ACS system
lymphocytes posses receptors for which products
VIP, NPY, substance P
parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia by what mechanism
blocks production of serotonin
which of the following substances is produced and released from the pineal gland and is suppressed by prolonged bright light stimulation and enhances sleep
melatonin
highly concentrated in the preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep
prostaglandin D2
many potential sleep promoting factors also posses which of the following functions
immune functions
a lack of which neurotransmitters may be involved in depression
serotonin, and norepinephrine
which treatment for depression can result in a positive change in aminergic receptor sensitivity
ECT
what treatment is effective at terminating manic episodes and has inhibitory effects on neuronal signal transduction systems
lithium salts
in panic attacks, what nervous system abnormality surfaces
over activity of SNS
the blood brain barrier is not found in which areas
posterior and circumventricular organs, area postrema, median eminence
