Midterm Exam

Question 0

In what cortical layer would you find the internal granular layer?

Answer 0

Layer 4

Question 1

In what cortical layer would you find mostly axons?

Answer 1

Layer 1

Question 2

In what cortical layer would you find the internal pyramidal layer?

Answer 2

Layer 5

Question 3

In what cortical layer would you find external pyramidal layer?

Answer 3

Layer 3

Question 4

In what cortical layer would you find the external granular layer?

Answer 4

Layer 2

Question 5

In what cortical layer would you find a mixture of tissues?

Answer 5

Layer 6

Question 6

Inhibitory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter?

Answer 6

GABA

Question 7

stimulatory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter?

Answer 7

Glutamate

Question 8

In the human cerebral cortex the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movementswhen electrically stimulated.

a. true
b. false

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?

Answer 9

prefrontal association area

Question 10

Norepinephrine projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?

Answer 10

Locus ceruleus

Question 11

Serotonin projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?

Answer 11

Raphe nucleus

Question 12

Acetylcholine (ACH ) projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?

Answer 12

Mangocellular area of pons

Question 13

Glutamate projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?

Answer 13

intralaminar area of the thalamus

Question 14

Most incoming sensory signals terminate in what cortical layer?

Answer 14

Layer 4, internal granular layer

Question 15

The major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originates from which cells?

Answer 15

Pyramidal cells, layer 3 & 5

Question 16

Fusiform layers make up which cortical layer?

Answer 16

Layer 6

Question 17

Cortical neurons in the association areas can change their function as functional demand changes.

a. true
b. false

Answer 17

True

Question 18

According to Michael Merzenich, babies are born ___________.

Answer 18

Stupid

Question 19

Cortical neurons that fire, when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes
which neuron?

Answer 19

Mirror neurons

Question 20

What pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of rightand left temporal lobes?

Answer 20

Anterior commisure

Question 21

What is the normal function of cells in the orbital frontal cortex?

Answer 21

function as an error detector, fire when expectation not met.
(Like in OCD)

Question 22

Most left handed individuals have the following cortical dominance?

Answer 22

Left 70%

Question 23

Are left or right handed people more likely for dual cortical dominance?

Answer 23

Left 15%, right 0%

Question 24

In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the left hemisphere tends to match objects based on which criteria?

Answer 24

Function

Question 25

In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on which criteria?

Answer 25

Appearance

Question 26

After identification of a face, projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allow us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified?

Answer 26

Amygdala

Question 27

After Phineas Gage recovered what about him changed?

Answer 27

He made a full physical recovery, but personality altered

Question 28

What symptoms are associated with prefrontal labotomies?

Answer 28

a. loss of ability to solve complex problems b. DECREASED level of aggressiveness c. loss of ambition d. purposeless motor activity

Question 29

Normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 29

Corpus callosum

Question 30

In most people the right cortex is actually dominate for which functions?

Answer 30

Non-verbal visual experiences

Question 31

In most people the left cortex is actually dominate for which functions?

Answer 31

Solving complex math problems

Question 32

In most people the frontal cortex is actually dominate for which functions?

Answer 32

Prognostication

Question 33

What is one function of the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe?

Answer 33

Processing of emotion

Question 34

One major side effect electroconvulsive shock therapy for depression is?

Answer 34

Memory loss

Question 35

The size of a cortical cell body correlates best with?

Answer 35

The length of its axon

Question 36

Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?

Answer 36

10,000

Question 37

Which areais most important in declarative/reflective/episodic memory function?

Answer 37

Hippocampus

Question 38

Which area is important in reflexive learning or memory, i.e. physical skills repeatedover and over.

Answer 38

Cerebellum

Question 39

The hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which twopathways?

Answer 39

Alveolar and perforant pathways

Question 40

Which area promotes more flexible associations with memory function, i.e.recognizing a business colleague at the grocery store.

Answer 40

Hippocampus

Question 41

In memory, the links between individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process?

Answer 41

Long term potentiation

Question 42

The NMDA receptor is associated with synaptic learning and memory. Which of the following statements regarding its function is true? a. it is strictly ligand gated b. it is strictly voltage gated c. it is both ligand and voltage gated d. it is neither ligand nor voltage gated

Answer 42

c. it is both ligand and voltage gated

Question 43

Habituation is best described as? a. seen following a noxious stimulus b. important in acquisition of language c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus d. association between unconditioned & conditioned stimulus

Answer 43

c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus

Question 44

Sensitization is best described as? a. seen following a noxious stimulus b. important in acquisition of language c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus d. association between unconditioned & conditioned stimulus

Answer 44

a. seen following a noxious stimulus

Question 45

Imitative learning is best described as? a. seen following a noxious stimulus b. important in acquisition of language c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus d. association between unconditioned & conditioned stimulus

Answer 45

b. important in acquisition of language

Question 46

Innervated cells release what substances that promote proper innervation of those cells?

Answer 46

Nerve growth factors

Question 47

Coherent waves, interference patterns, principal of reconstruction, redundancy of recording are all associated with?

Answer 47

Holographic memory

Question 48

What area controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory, and a lesion here willresult in coma?

Answer 48

Reticular formation of the pons

Question 49

In HM, what memory function was still intact following his hippocampal removal.

Answer 49

Reflexive memory

Question 50

Cells of the oral pontine reticular formation associated with wakefulness and tonic corticalactivation release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 50

Glutamate

Question 51

Strong stimulation in the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius is associated with?

Answer 51

An Unpleasant feeling

Question 52

Ventral tegmental area is associated with which neurotransmitter?

Answer 52

Dopamine

Question 53

The Magnocellular nucleus is associated with which neurotransmitter?

Answer 53

Acetylcholine

Question 54

The Locus ceruleus is associated with which neurotransmitter?

Answer 54

Norepinephrine

Question 55

What area exerts control over both, SNS and parasympathetic nervous system, as well as the pituitary gland?

Answer 55

Hypothalmus

Question 56

Which of the following was not part of the original “Papez circuit”?a. cingulated gyrus b. hippocampal formation c. amygdala d. mamillary body

Answer 56

Amygdala

Question 57

Stimulation in this area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior?

Answer 57

central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 58

What are the two basic emotional states?

Answer 58

Conservation and arousal

Question 59

Which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated is associated with rage, fighting, thirst?

Answer 59

Lateral hypothalmus

Question 60

Satiety and tranquility is associated with stimulation of what hypothalamic nucleus/area?

Answer 60

Ventralmedial nucleus

Question 61

Which area of the cortex functions as a gutter, which highly processed sensory signals drain into after complex sensory processing?

Answer 61

Hippocampus

Question 62

Bilateral ablation of the amygdala is associated with all of the following except? a. loss of fear b. decreased sex drive c. excessive tendency to examine objects orally d. changes in dietary habits

Answer 62

B. decreased sex drive.

Question 63

Who said “your beliefs become your thought, your thoughts become your words, your wordsbecome your actions, your actions become your habits, your habits become your values, your values become your destiny?

Answer 63

B. J. Palmer