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MICRO > Final- Gliding > Flashcards

Final- Gliding Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Locomotion

A

Cell moving through space

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2
Q

What structure is Flagella made up of?

A

Tubulin (Microtubules)

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3
Q

What motor does Tubulin work in?

A

Dynein and Kinesin

Motors

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4
Q

What is the interior structure of flagella?

A

9+ 2: 9 doublets and 2 in the middle, each pair has one incomplete and one complete

INTRACELLULAR = plasma membrane surrounds it

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5
Q

Movement in ciliates:

How do really long flagella organize beat patterns?

A

Organize impulses to turn motors on and off to bend in the right direction

Molecules cross length MT so they cant slide so they bend

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6
Q

Movement in ciliates:

Definition: power stroke/recovery stroke

A

Flagella bends to have more force in one direction than the other

famous in ciliates

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7
Q

Movement in ciliates:

Power stroke: characteristics and direction

A

Flagella stays rigid, cell moves opposite direction to motion

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8
Q

Movement in ciliates:

Recovery mode: characteristics and direction

A

Cell moves back and bends

Viscosity of water is HIGH for a SMALL cell

gets pulled through water and recovers for free

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9
Q

Movement in Opisthokonts

Single posterior flagella

A

Sine wave, cell moves opposite to flagella beat

0— <—

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10
Q

Movement in Stramenopiles

Single posterior flagella- Mastigonemes

A

Mastigonemes push harder in opposite direction (surface area) and direction is backwards

0-x-x-x –>

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11
Q

How many times has gliding evolved?

A

Multiple times independantly

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12
Q

How does gliding work?

And requirements

A

Purely molecular: needs 1. a surface, 2. a cytoskelaton/motor combination and 3. something to connect the 2

No visible means of locomotion

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13
Q

What is Mucilage?

A

a sticky carbohydrate

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14
Q

Where is Myosin located?

A

On ACTIN

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15
Q

Diatoms

How does gliding work?

A

When motor turns on and moves in one direction the cell moves in the opposite direction- substrate is larger than the cell and mucilage is stuck on

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16
Q

What happens after the cell glides?

A

Myosin falls off actin and gets recycled, mucilage is stuck on and leaves a slime trail

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17
Q

Gliding in Diatoms

What is the problem with gliding in diatoms?

How do they get around it?

A

Frustrule : there is a wall between substrate and cytoskelaton

Raphe: Slit in the wall

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18
Q

Gliding with flagella

What 2 groups use gliding with flagella?

A

Euglenids & Chlamydomonas

19
Q

Gliding with flagella

Flagellar gliding definition

A

Use flagella as a surface for gliding: needs substrate, transmembrane “something”

Tubulin and Kinesin

20
Q

Motor for Tubulin

Flagelletes

A

Kinesin (and dynenin)

TK <3

21
Q

Motor for Actin

Diatoms

A

Myosin

22
Q

What is an IFT train

A

Intraflagellar transport: bundle/package things to go in each direction down the flagella

Dyenin and Kinesin go opposite ways

23
Q

Gliding with Flagella

What is the transmembrane “Something” in flagellar gliding?

A

Membrane glycoproteins (sugars)

24
Q

Gliding with Flagella

How does flageller gliding work?

A

When motor gets connected to glycoprotein gliding occurs, whole cell moves in opposite direction

Flagella drags cell

25
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

Apical complex

A

Tip where infection takes place

Conoid: made up of MTs

26
Q

Gliding in apicomplexans

How do apicomplexans become intracellular?

A

Cell pushes against membrane and folds it in, keeps pushing until it pinches off and creates a vesicle

Parasitophorous vesicle

27
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

Parts of the Apical complex

5

A

Apical ring, Conoid (Mts), micronemes, Rhoptries, Dense Granules

A cat meows randomly during greeting

28
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

How do Apicomplexans infect?

APICAL COMPLEX

A
  1. Micronemes: contain particles responsible for parasite to recognize and bind 2. Rhoptries and Dense granuoles : are released, contain lipids to change nature of membrane

meows randomly during greeting

recognize and bind/change membrane

29
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

How do they avoid detection?

A

Rhoptries and Dense Granuoles change the composition of the lipids/proteins in the membane so host doesnt recognize

30
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

What cytoskelaton components are involved?

A

Tubulin, alveoli under the membrane

31
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

What is myosins role in gliding?

No actin?

A

Actin filaments are short and transient, used for gliding- polymerize and depolymerize all the time

Cell will explode (MFs shoot through) if you stop actin DEpolymerization

32
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

What do Apicomplexans use as a substrate?

A

Host cell receptors

33
Q

What is the difference between gliding in diatoms and apicomplexans?

What is similar?

A

Diatoms: actin is tough and motor moves Apicomplexans: motor is tough and actin moves

ONLY similiarity is actin/myosin

34
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

Components of gliding

A

Proteins bind on to tubulin and cross alveolar membrane, bits of actin transiently polymerize, motor is stationary (bound to something rigid)

35
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

What does TRAP do?

A

Binds to receptor and recognizes, also binds to aldolase and crosses membrane

Similar to mucilege in diatoms

36
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

Direction of movement

A

Myosin turns on, actin moves relative to it, aldolase and trap are stationary

Cell moves in the SAME direction as motor

37
Q

Gliding in Apicomplexans

How and why are TRAP/MK2 released

A

Located in Micronemes, released onto surface of cell at apex and helps with gliding and recognition, makes a ring of contact with TRAP

38
Q

How do trypanosomes avoid detection?

A

Covers cell with copies of a single protein (no variety) and keep changing protein/replace with a new one - immune system cant keep up

39
Q

How do trypanosomes keep replacing the membrane ?

A

Recombination: Mixing and moving parts of DNA, endless combinations

Variant surface glycoproteins

40
Q

What makes microsporidia difficult to treat?

A

They have transporters that steal ATP from host directly

41
Q

How do microsporida infect ?

Extracellular spores

A

Shoot out polar filament at high speed to penetrate host cell, inject contents into host cytoplasm

42
Q

Microsporidia

What is the posterior vacuole for?

A

Pump water in to build up pressure, tip of spore is thin so it will fail and eject polar filament

43
Q

Microsporidia infection

What is “eversion”

A

Polar filament turns inside out and is shot out

44
Q

Microsporida infection

What is the polaroplast

A

Cell leaves plasma membrane behind, forms a new one with the polaroplast

Has ATP transporters here

MICRO (8 decks)

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