Final- Gliding

Question 1

Definition: Locomotion

Answer 1

Cell moving through space

Question 2

What structure is Flagella made up of?

Answer 2

Tubulin (Microtubules)

Question 3

What motor does Tubulin work in?

Answer 3

Dynein and Kinesin

Motors

Question 4

What is the interior structure of flagella?

Answer 4

9+ 2: 9 doublets and 2 in the middle, each pair has one incomplete and one complete

INTRACELLULAR = plasma membrane surrounds it

Question 5

Movement in ciliates:

How do really long flagella organize beat patterns?

Answer 5

Organize impulses to turn motors on and off to bend in the right direction

Molecules cross length MT so they cant slide so they bend

Question 6

Movement in ciliates:

Definition: power stroke/recovery stroke

Answer 6

Flagella bends to have more force in one direction than the other

famous in ciliates

Question 7

Movement in ciliates:

Power stroke: characteristics and direction

Answer 7

Flagella stays rigid, cell moves opposite direction to motion

Question 8

Movement in ciliates:

Recovery mode: characteristics and direction

Answer 8

Cell moves back and bends

Viscosity of water is HIGH for a SMALL cell

gets pulled through water and recovers for free

Question 9

Movement in Opisthokonts

Single posterior flagella

Answer 9

Sine wave, cell moves opposite to flagella beat

0— <—

Question 10

Movement in Stramenopiles

Single posterior flagella- Mastigonemes

Answer 10

Mastigonemes push harder in opposite direction (surface area) and direction is backwards

0-x-x-x –>

Question 11

How many times has gliding evolved?

Answer 11

Multiple times independantly

Question 12

How does gliding work?

And requirements

Answer 12

Purely molecular: needs 1. a surface, 2. a cytoskelaton/motor combination and 3. something to connect the 2

No visible means of locomotion

Question 13

What is Mucilage?

Answer 13

a sticky carbohydrate

Question 14

Where is Myosin located?

Answer 14

On ACTIN

Question 15

Diatoms

How does gliding work?

Answer 15

When motor turns on and moves in one direction the cell moves in the opposite direction- substrate is larger than the cell and mucilage is stuck on

Question 16

What happens after the cell glides?

Answer 16

Myosin falls off actin and gets recycled, mucilage is stuck on and leaves a slime trail

Question 17

Gliding in Diatoms

What is the problem with gliding in diatoms?

How do they get around it?

Answer 17

Frustrule : there is a wall between substrate and cytoskelaton

Raphe: Slit in the wall

Question 18

Gliding with flagella

What 2 groups use gliding with flagella?

Answer 18

Euglenids & Chlamydomonas

Question 19

Gliding with flagella

Flagellar gliding definition

Answer 19

Use flagella as a surface for gliding: needs substrate, transmembrane “something”

Tubulin and Kinesin

Question 20

Motor for Tubulin

Flagelletes

Answer 20

Kinesin (and dynenin)

TK <3

Question 21

Motor for Actin

Diatoms

Answer 21

Myosin

Question 22

What is an IFT train

Answer 22

Intraflagellar transport: bundle/package things to go in each direction down the flagella

Dyenin and Kinesin go opposite ways

Question 23

Gliding with Flagella

What is the transmembrane “Something” in flagellar gliding?

Answer 23

Membrane glycoproteins (sugars)

Question 24

Gliding with Flagella

How does flageller gliding work?

Answer 24

When motor gets connected to glycoprotein gliding occurs, whole cell moves in opposite direction

Flagella drags cell

Question 25

# Gliding in Apicomplexans Apical complex

Answer 25

Tip where infection takes place | Conoid: made up of MTs

Question 26

# Gliding in apicomplexans How do apicomplexans become intracellular?

Answer 26

Cell pushes against membrane and folds it in, keeps pushing until it pinches off and creates a vesicle | *Parasitophorous vesicle*

Question 27

# Gliding in Apicomplexans Parts of the Apical complex | 5

Answer 27

Apical ring, Conoid (Mts), micronemes, Rhoptries, Dense Granules | A cat meows randomly during greeting

Question 28

# Gliding in Apicomplexans How do Apicomplexans infect? | APICAL COMPLEX

Answer 28

1. **Micronemes**: contain particles responsible for parasite to recognize and bind 2. **Rhoptries and Dense granuoles** : are released, contain lipids to change nature of membrane | meows randomly during greeting ## Footnote recognize and bind/change membrane

Question 29

# Gliding in Apicomplexans How do they avoid detection?

Answer 29

Rhoptries and Dense Granuoles change the composition of the lipids/proteins in the membane so host doesnt recognize

Question 30

# Gliding in Apicomplexans What cytoskelaton components are involved?

Answer 30

Tubulin, alveoli under the membrane

Question 31

# Gliding in Apicomplexans What is myosins role in gliding? | No actin?

Answer 31

Actin filaments are short and transient, used for gliding- polymerize and depolymerize all the time | Cell will explode (MFs shoot through) if you stop actin DEpolymerization

Question 32

# Gliding in Apicomplexans What do Apicomplexans use as a substrate?

Answer 32

Host cell receptors

Question 33

What is the difference between gliding in diatoms and apicomplexans? | What is similar?

Answer 33

Diatoms: actin is tough and motor moves Apicomplexans: motor is tough and actin moves | ONLY similiarity is actin/myosin

Question 34

# Gliding in Apicomplexans Components of gliding

Answer 34

Proteins bind on to tubulin and cross alveolar membrane, bits of actin transiently polymerize, motor is stationary (bound to something rigid)

Question 35

# Gliding in Apicomplexans What does TRAP do?

Answer 35

Binds to receptor and recognizes, also binds to aldolase and crosses membrane | Similar to mucilege in diatoms

Question 36

# Gliding in Apicomplexans Direction of movement

Answer 36

Myosin turns on, actin moves relative to it, aldolase and trap are stationary | Cell moves in the SAME direction as motor

Question 37

# Gliding in Apicomplexans How and why are TRAP/MK2 released

Answer 37

Located in Micronemes, released onto surface of cell at apex and helps with gliding and recognition, makes a ring of contact with TRAP

Question 38

How do trypanosomes avoid detection?

Answer 38

Covers cell with copies of a single protein (no variety) and keep changing protein/replace with a new one - immune system cant keep up

Question 39

How do trypanosomes keep replacing the membrane ?

Answer 39

Recombination: Mixing and moving parts of DNA, endless combinations | **Variant surface glycoproteins**

Question 40

What makes microsporidia difficult to treat?

Answer 40

They have transporters that steal ATP from host directly

Question 41

How do microsporida infect ? | Extracellular spores

Answer 41

Shoot out polar filament at high speed to penetrate host cell, inject contents into host cytoplasm

Question 42

# Microsporidia What is the posterior vacuole for?

Answer 42

Pump water in to build up pressure, tip of spore is thin so it will fail and eject polar filament

Question 43

# Microsporidia infection What is "eversion"

Answer 43

Polar filament turns inside out and is shot out

Question 44

# Microsporida infection What is the polaroplast

Answer 44

Cell leaves plasma membrane behind, forms a new one with the polaroplast | Has ATP transporters here