Midterm 2-Reproduction

Question 1

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

What textbook rules about nuclei do protists break?

Answer 1

ALL OF THEM: size/shape/number/ploidity/chromatin state/histones

Question 2

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist groups with multiple nuclei

3

Answer 2

Ameobazoans and plasmodial slime molds, ciliates

Question 3

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist group with multiple TYPES of nuclei

Answer 3

Alveolates - ALL Ciliates have a MACRO and MICRO nucleus Euplotes has anchor shaped, some have beaded

Question 4

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist groups with extreme genome sizes

2

Answer 4

Dinoflagellates: 100xs of time larger than ours Microsporidian: (parasite) tiny sizes

Question 5

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist groups with strange genome organization

Answer 5

Dinoflagallete chromatin is ALWAYS condensed, some groups are ALWAYS diffuse

Question 6

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist group with no histones

Answer 6

Dinoflagallete nuclei use proteins stolen from viruses

NO histones

Question 7

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

What is the microbial definition of sex?

Answer 7

Meiosis

Question 8

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Open mitosis

Answer 8

Envelope breaks

Question 9

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Closed mitosis

Answer 9

Envelope remains intact

Question 10

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Orthomitosis

Answer 10

Spindle is polar- on either side of the cell

Question 11

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Pleuromitosis

Answer 11

Spindle is off to the side of the cell

Question 12

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis purpose and ploidity?

Answer 12

To duplicate the nucleus, ploidity is always the same

Question 13

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis purpose and ploidity?

Answer 13

Nuclear division that results in halving the genome and ploidity, have to reconstitute with fusing gametes

good for population during environmental stress - DIVERSITY

Question 14

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Gametes definition

Answer 14

Cells that are always haploid and are able to fuse/fertilize

Question 15

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Zygote ploidity

Answer 15

Always diploid

Question 16

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Ansiogamety

Answer 16

Gametes are morphologically different (ex. sperm/egg)

Question 17

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Isogamety

Answer 17

Gametes are morphologically similar

Question 18

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Gametocyte/Gamont

Answer 18

Differentiated cell that produces gametes but DOESNT fuse

Question 19

Life cycles

Binary fission

Answer 19

Asexual reproduction that divides cell into 2 identical daughter cells

nucleus divides by mitosis

Question 20

Life cycles

What is the reset switch (meiosis) for Diatoms?

Answer 20

Population size gets too small- when they divide they only inherit the smaller half of wall, over generations this decreases size of diatom

Question 21

Life cycles

Life cycle of Diatom

Answer 21

Diploid: Many generations of asexual reproducion –> MEISOS = Differentiate into M/F gamonts –> Haploid: Fertilization occurs –> Diploid: zygote then size restoration back to start

Angiogamonts

DIPLONT life cycle

Question 22

Life cycles

Diplont life cycle definition

Answer 22

Life cycle where the only Haploid cells are the gametes

same as ours

Question 23

Life cycles

Dinoflagallete life cycle

Answer 23

Start off haploid, divide and grow through asexual reproduction, trigger causes cells to differentiate (Gametes) –> Diploid: fuse to form zygote –> cyst –> Meoisis returns to regular haploid state

Isogamonts

HAPLONT life cycle

Question 24

Life cycles

Haplont life cycle definition

Answer 24

Life cycle where the only diploid cells are the zygote

Question 25

# Life cycles Coccolithophorids life cycle

Answer 25

DIPLOID: Asexual reproduction through many generations --> Meiosis, HAPOID: asexual reproduction many times --> differentiate --> gametes --> fuse to zygote DIPLOID | Angiogamonts: holo/hetero are haploid/diploid ## Footnote HAPLODIPLONT life cycle

Question 26

# Life cycles **Haplodiplont** life cycle definition

Answer 26

Life cycle where there is asexual reproduction *both* in haploid and diploid phase

Question 27

# Life cycles Hetero and Holo coccolithophorids

Answer 27

HETERO = diploid (large round) HOLO = haploid (shell like) when GAMETES fuse = both (haploid --> diploid)

Question 28

# Life cycles What way does Apicomplexa divide? | Parasitic

Answer 28

**Multiple fission**: replicate everything multiple times then release all at once | Parasitic

Question 29

# Life cycles What are Gregarines? | Apicomplexan

Answer 29

A group in Apicomplexa that infects invertebretes (worms)

Question 30

# Life cycles Sporeozite definition

Answer 30

Infection stage

Question 31

# Life cycles Trophozoite definition

Answer 31

Feeding stage

Question 32

# Life cycles Gregarine life cycle

Answer 32

Haploid: attaches to gut epithelium and feeds/grows --> differentiates to m/f gamonts --> makes STURDY cyst --> produce gametes through multiple fission inside cyst --> fuse/fertilize --> Diploid: zygote --> MEOISIS Haploid: back to sporozite | **Haplont**: only diploid cell is zygote

Question 33

# Life cycles When does meiosis happen in haplont life cycles?

Answer 33

Right after zygote (2n) stage | ALL other stages are haploid, cant do meiosis

Question 34

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria What is the causitive agent of Malaria?

Answer 34

*Plasmodium falciparum* | Apicomplexan

Question 35

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria What are the 6 symptoms of Malaria | 2 Most common/telltale

Answer 35

**Most common**: Fever (telltale)/Fatigue ** Rare life threatening:** Resp failure, organ failure, coma, recurrent episodes

Question 36

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria WHEN do the symptoms start in Malaria?

Answer 36

After multiple fission causes RBC's to burst, merozoites are released and causes anemia. Immune system is overwhelmed. by infection and responds by fever (infection) and fatigue (anemia)

Question 37

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria Why does Malaria fever come in bouts?

Answer 37

The bursting of RBCs becomes synchronous, simultaneous release of parasites causes bouts of fevers | Fever caused by infection

Question 38

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria What causes the most SERIOUS effects? Coma/resp failure/organ failure

Answer 38

Side effect of parasite wants to avoid the spleen (could get filtered out) makes RBCs sticky and causes clotting in capillaries

Question 39

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria Why are there recurrent episodes of Malaria?

Answer 39

Some merozoites go back to the liver to hide instead of RBCs and can remain dormant there

Question 40

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria Life cycle of Plasmodium | IN HUMAN

Answer 40

Mosquito bites human and injects with saliva --> Haploid: sporozite hides in the liver to avoid detection --> pushes into liver cell (INTRACELLULAR) --> trophozoite feeds and grows --> Meront, done growing now starts to divide through MF --> Merozoites release into blood and hide into RBCs --> Merozoites INTRACELLULAR in RBC and divides by MF --> RBC bursts and releases --> cells differentiate (m/f gamonts) --> mosquito bites and sucks blood back up

Question 41

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria Gametes in Plasmodium | in MOSQUITO

Answer 41

Female Gamont does not divide, instead differentiates. Male Gamont divides through MF

Question 42

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria Life cycle of Plasmodium | IN MOSQUITO ## Footnote Definitive host = sexual stage

Answer 42

Gametes sucked up by mosquito --> fertilization in the gut to zygote (Diploid) --> Zygote moves to gut wall and makes a cyst in body cavity --> MEOISIS Haploid sporozoites break free and go to salivary gland ## Footnote Definitive host = sexual stage

Question 43

# Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria What type of life cycle is plasmodium?

Answer 43

HAPLONT, only diploid cells are zygotes