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MICRO > Midterm 2-Feeding and trophy > Flashcards

Midterm 2-Feeding and trophy Flashcards

1
Q

Trophic strategies

What 6 things does all cellular life need to take from the environment?

A
  1. Water 2. Energy 3. Sources of Carbon 4. Reducing power (e donor) 5. Electron acceptor 6. Sources of other elements (n/p/s/fe)
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2
Q

Trophic strategies

Define 2 Sources of energy

A

Chemotrophs: use chemical bonds in molecules Phototrophs: use light/photons

ex. animals/plants

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3
Q

Trophic strategies

Define 2 sources of reducing power?

Electron donor/oxidations

A

Organotrophs: use organic molecules Lithotrophs: use inorganic molecules

ex. Glucose&lipids/ water in photosynthesis

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4
Q

Trophic strategies

Define 2 sources of electron acceptors

Not referred to as food

A

Aerobes: use oxygen Anerobes: use anything else

ex. humans/ Co2 in photosynthesis

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5
Q

Trophic strategies

Define 2 sources of Carbon

A

Heterotrophs: use organic molecules Autotrophs: Use inorganic molecules

ex. Sugars/photosynthesis uses CO2 (inorganic C)

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6
Q

Trophic strategies

Define sources of other elements

*Nitrogen/Phosphorus/Sulfur/Iron

A

Variable- can get N from proteins in organic molecules (us) or from inorganic in soil (ammonia/nitrate in plants)

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7
Q

Trophic strategies

Define photosynthesis

oxygenic

A

The process of fixing Co2 into organic compounds (autotrophy) by using energy obtained from photons (phototrophy)

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8
Q

Trophic strategies

What is anyoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

An unrelated process developed by some bacteria that does not produce oxygen

E- donor is not water

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9
Q

Trophic strategies

What 2 classes do all eukaryotes fall into?

A

Chemoorganoheterotrophs or photolithoautotrophs

heterotrophs (organic)/phototrophs (inorganic)

Can be aerobic or anaerobic

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10
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What groups can do osmotrophy?

A

Bacteria/Archae are great at this, the only eukaryote is FUNGI

fungi use Hyphae for surface area

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11
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What is osmotrophy?

A

Digestive enzymes are excreted outside cell –> broken down into smaller molecules that are then actively transported in

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12
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

Name 2 reasons why Eukaryotes are not great at osmotrophy

A
  1. Less metabolically diverse: fewer and less effective digestive enzymes 2. ** Surface to volume ratio**: Eukaryotes tend to be bigger than bacteria
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13
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What are Oomycetes

Stramenopiles

POTATO BLIGHT

A

Efficient parasites, have hyphae- Unrelated (but not totally independant) from Fungi

convergent evolution- genes from horizontal gene transfer from FUNGI

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14
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What is phagotrophy?

First cells to eat another- evolution game changer

A

The entire particle is engulfed by membrane through vacuoles

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15
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What are the 3 types of phagotrophy?

Define

A
  1. Raptorial: Search and move towards prey 2. Diffusion: prey bumps/falls into it 3. Filter: filters prey from surrounding water (may generate current)
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16
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do protist predators find prey?

Raptorial feeding

A

NOT SIGHT, maybe hearing YES smell /CHEMICALS

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17
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

Define Extrusomes

Raptorial feeding

A

Organelles that are just below the plasma membrane, function to do exocytosis and release content

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18
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What does Acantharian feeding use?

Radiolarian

A

Diffusion feeding- Prey touches axopods which triggers kinetocysts to release content (sticky glue) then retracts to centre of cell where it will feed

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19
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do ciliates feed?

2 ways

A

Raptorial feeding- Have toxicysts to inject poison to stop from swimming, then injests it ALSO filter feeding

Apex predators of protists

20
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do lobose ameobas feed?

A

Raptorial: overwhelm with size and trap

21
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do Choanoflagellates feed?

Opisthokonta

A

Filter feeding: Use flagella to generate water current and filter to find prey of right size, feeds at “collar”

Use “Stock” or “Colonies” to anchor to something

22
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do Excavata feed?

A

Filter: Have a feeding grove surrounded by flagella that beat to generate water current

23
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What is the main difference between filter and raptorial feeding?

A

Filter feeding can only be eat things SMALLER than them

24
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What is a cytosome?

A

A specialized part of the cell that does phagocytosis with no rigid structures below the surface

Ameobas are an exception

25
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do dinoflagalletes feed: palium feeding?

(half photosynthetic half heterotrophic)

Alveolata

A

Palium feeding: A large veil extension of the cytoplasm that envelops and digests LARGE prey outside of the cell then transports nutrients in

Extensions are classified as psudopodia

26
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do dinoflagalletes feed: Myzocytosis

Half photosynthetic half heterotrophic

Alveolata

A

Pierce plasma membrane of prey and “suck in” nutrients

27
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How does Vampyrellids feed?

Rhizaria- weird example

A

Fillose ameoba that pierce holes through thick cellulose algae walls and ingest the whole cell

Myzocytosis

28
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How does pseudomicrothorax feed?

CIliate- weird example

A

Eats cyanobacteria (forms long filamentous colonies) cytosome is reinforced by Mts for specialized feeding of long prey

29
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

Steps of digestion

5

A
  1. Food vacuole detaches from cytosome to become Digesive vacuole (DV) 2. Acidosomes fuse with Dv and lower pH 3. Lysosomes fuse with DV and release lytic enzymes 4. Digested contents + enzymes pinch off in vesicles 5. Undigested content/waste is defecated when DV fuses with Cytoproct
30
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

What is Cyclosis

A

The digestive vacuole moves slowly in a pre-defined path within cytoplasm

31
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

Prey fighting back: shapeshifting

Euplotes- Ciliate

A

Senses predators and flattens to become harder to eat

Euplotes- Ciliate

32
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

Prey fighting back: defensive extrusomes

Paramecium

A

Uses trichocysts to stun predators

33
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

Prey fighting back: Defensive symbionts

Euplotidium- ciliate

A

band of spherical balls (symbiotic bacteria) OUTSIDE cell that stun prey

Not extrusomes- outside cell

34
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

Parasites: intra vs extra cellular

Apicomplexans

A

Intra: surrounded by food, can do osmotrophy (toxoplasma/plasmodium) Extra: mostly phagotrophic (gregarians)

35
Q

Feeding in Protists- Heterotrophs

How do Microsporidians feed?

Opisthokonts

A

Energy parasites- steal ATP from host

Microsporidian - Opisthokonts

36
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

What is a Mixotroph?

A

An organism that can do both heterotroph and autotroph strategies

37
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

3 Mixotroph strategies

A
  1. Algae- photosynthetic dinoflagalletes or unicellular green algae 2. Heterotrophs with algal symbionts 3. Kleptoplastidy
38
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

What is a Haptonema?

Haptophytes

A

A specialized feeding structure in Haptophytes that moves food to opposite side of cell

39
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

Micromonas feeding strategy

Green algae

A

Mixotroph- does photosynthesis and eats bacteria (phagocytosis)

40
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

Why does an Algal symbiont not count as an organelle?

A

The Algae are not dependant on the host, can still live on its own

NO PROTEIN TARGETING

41
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

Why are kleptoplastids often lost quickly?

A

The host is missing essential genetic information to keep plastid alive

42
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

List groups that do Kleptoplastidy?

A

Foraminiferan, Euglenid, Dinoflagallete and SOME animals!

43
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

Who does Mesodinium steal plastids from?

Heterotrophic ciliate

A

Cryptophyte (secondary red algae, 4 membranes)

44
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

Why is Mesodinium rubrum so good at keeping plastids alive?

A

Not only steals the plastid, also steals the nucleus from DIFFERENT cryptophytes

45
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

How does Dinophysis get its plastid (cryptophyte)

Dinoflagallete- heterotrophic

A

By eating mesodinium and keeping ONLY plastid- no nucleus

46
Q

Feeding in Protists- Mixotrophs

How can Dinophysis keep its plastid alive if it does not steal nucleus as well?

Dinoflagallete- heterotrophic

A

Ancestor of dinophysis used to have plastid- still has plastid derived genes (red algae 3 mem)

Digests everything but 3 membraned plastid- same as ancestors

MICRO (8 decks)

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