Final IDs Flashcards
(38 cards)
First Crusade
1095: Byzantine Emperor Alexios asked Pope Urban II for men to fight the Seljuks, crusader lords retook Edessa, Antioch and Jerusalem and didn’t give the cities back to Alexios: Crusade was a success
Fourth Crusade
1201: Crusaders decide to approach by sea and go through Egypt to retake Jerusalem, they stop in Venice to get ships but can’t pay for them, Venetian doge sends them to Christian Zara to get money, then they go to Constantinople to help a young prince get the throne back from his uncle. Crusaders end up plundering Constantinople: Crusade was a huge failure
Albigensian Crusade
1208-1229: Pope Innocent called a crusade against Count Raymond of Toulouse. In the battle, King Peter of Aragorn (important Christian warrior) is killed, Count Simon takes Languedoc but in 1215 and 1216 Raymond and his son lead the people in rebellion and take back Languedoc, crusade failed to wipe out catharism
Cathar Heresy
Catharism was a dualist religion, believed that the world was bad because it was material. Perfect people were celibate and vegetarian, believed Lucifer created the church to pervert Jesus’s message
Fourth Lateran Council
1215: Pope Innocent III called a council to reform the church and motivate a Crusade to retake Jerusalem. Council decided Doctrine of Transubstantiation, celibacy for clergy, Jews must wear distinguishing dress–attempted to regulate the lives of all Christians and non-Christians under Christian rule
Magna Carta situation
1216: King John of England signs the second version of the magna carta after his barons rebel and force him to sign it: baron’s were upset about losing their french land, being heavily taxed, and John’s failure to dispense justice
Magna Carta policies
The original 1215 Magna Carta was meant to make royal justice more equitable and available, place limits on what the king could tax and assert that the king must follow the law: also the security clause authorized the creation of a council of barons to enforce the charter’s terms (but Pope Innocent III vetoed this as John’s lord)
Lay piety’s goals
Wanted to express religious devotion in a meaningful manner, connect personally with God, and change gender roles
Beguine
single or widowed women who lived together in a house without a rule; they owned business and ran hospitals and schools; church saw them as a threat because they organized without men and provided the potential for heresy, scandal and subversion of church authority
Hildegard of Bingen
1098-1179: An abbess, theologian, composer and advice-giver: she experienced prophetic visions and dictated them to scribes; pope gave her approval to travel and preach and she was made a doctor of the church in 2012 (significant because she was a woman who scolded kings)
Waldensians
The Waldensians were started by a wealthy merchant named Peter Waldo who gave up his possessions to emulate Jesus’s life on earth: they challenged church authority, translated the bible into the vernacular, preached publicly, administered sacrements, and believed that church priests weren’t real priests and were an obstacle to God–beginnings of protestant reformation
Mendicants
took traditional vows of poverty, chastity and obedience but rejected monasteries in favor of working in cities: two kinds: Dominicans and Franciscans
Dominicans
Order has no possessions, highly trained and educated to be great missionaries, became brutal inquisitors for heresy: nicknamed “hounds of God”
Franciscans
Foundation of belief was the poor life of Jesus on earth: they saw poverty as a good unto itself, not a tool to attract converts like Dominicans: Pope later decreed that anyone who said Jesus owned nothing was a heretic because lavish churches were meant to teach doctrine and inspire reverence
Jews under Christian rule
Jews were persecuted because they were seen to have murdered Jesus: so Jews were forced to live apart, had to dress different, and couldn’t hold public office: they were accused of blood libel and host desecration
Leprosy
Symptoms were skin lesions, weakness or paralysis, and nerve damage: they were house in leprosaria, had to wear a bell: were cursed and blessed because were paying for their sins in this lifetime
Universities
Education was first monastic and cathedral schools: students studied the liberal arts, students were young, male and immigrants, they often clashed with locals, and universities had papal (Paris), imperial (Oxford) or civic support (Bologna)
Liberal Arts
Trivium: grammar, rhetoric and logic
Quadrivium: arithmetic, musical composition, geometry and astronomy
Knights
helped by technological innovations, only the rich could be knights. They participated in tournaments to keep their skills sharp and advance their social status
Courtly love
it is a ideology, practice and art: emerged out of the military codes of chivalry being extended to romantic relationships: love was about suffering and doing great deeds to win favor
Mongol life on the steppe
were nomadic pastoralist, practiced shamanism, everyone learned to ride and shoot a bow: harsh life on the steppe made them into great warriors
Temujin
1162-1227: Born to one of the many mongol tribes, he united the mongols and conquered numerous kingdoms, had the mongol alphabet created, established the yasa (a legal code to govern traditional mongol life on the steppe) Success came from powerful allies, transcending tribal lines, and military prowess and adaptability
Mongol war success
decimal system of organization for the army, elite unite of soldiers called keshig, advantages were speed and mobility, excellent cavalry and archers, assimilated new capabilities, disciplined soldiers (practiced war with the nerge), and psychological warfare
The Golden Horde
(1240s-1502): ruled by descendants of Jochi, Genghis’s son, defeated the Russians because they were disunited and Mongols campaigned in the winter
