Final LA questions

Question 1

What are the two difficulties with informed consent?

Answer 1

It is either too demanding or insufficiently rigorous

Question 2

What is the large problem with the quality of consent coming from a professional?

Answer 2

Patients are likely to submit to a professional descision

Question 3

What are the differences in definition of broad and informed consent?

Answer 3

Broad - Patients agree to a general scope of use that isn’t an inclusive list

Informed - Patients are provided a detailed explanation about procedures

Question 4

What are the differences in characteristics of broad and informed consent?

Answer 4

Broad - Generally used in large scale research, and is provided for unspecified research

Informed - It includes explicit details on risks and benefits, and ensures comprehension

Question 5

What are the challenges and strength associated with broad consent?

Answer 5

Patients may not understand everything and there is a concern about true autonomy, but it it useful for advancing research

Question 6

What are the strengths of informed consent?

Answer 6

It respects autonomy, and reduces ambiguity and misuse of consent

Question 7

What research was conducted with Havasupai Indians in Arizona and what was the issue with consent?

Answer 7

There was diabetes research conducted on the tribe, but the DNA was used for more studies including their genetic origins, which cost the Indians their claim to the land

Question 8

What were the three issues found with the Havasupai Indian consent?

Answer 8

1. Broad Consent Misuse - Forms lacked clarity
2. Vulnerability Exploited - Limited English and education in the tribe
3. Failed cultural competence - Study was used conflicting with cultural and legal claims

Question 9

What is the main sub branch of deontological moral theories? What are its two subsections?

Answer 9

Kantian ethics - categorical imperatives 1 and 2

1. Act in a way where if it was a universal law, it would work
2. Act in a way that treats humanity as an end itself, not a means to an end

Question 10

What is the branch of philosophy that focuses on the first person experience and what kind of ethics does it relate to?

Answer 10

Phenomenology relates to first person experience and relates to care ethics

Question 11

What are the core ideas of care ethics?

Answer 11

Decision making is rooted in relationships and interdependence with context and responsiveness

Question 12

What are the types of obligation based ethics?

Answer 12

utilitarianism and deontology

Question 13

What are the defining features of obligation-based ethics vs care ethics?

Answer 13

Obligation: Impartial reflection, assumes social atomism (autonomic units that come together)

Care (responsibility) based: Habit of care, social relationism/holism

Care ethics stresses responsibility instead of obligations

Question 14

What are Tronto’s 4 phases of caring? What are their main elements?

Answer 14

Caring about - Attentiveness
Taking care of - Assuming responsibility
Caregiving - Competence in caring
Care receiving -Responsiveness in monitoring

Question 15

What is Joseph Collin’s viewpoint on truth telling in medicine?

Answer 15

Autonomy should be limited to avoid patient discomfort (paternalism)

Question 16

What moral system most disagree with Collins?

Answer 16

Kantian ethics

Question 17

What does Collins argue are acceptable lies?

Answer 17

1. Reassuring patients (without the full truth)
2. Preserving hope
3. Partial truths for well being

Question 18

What is Higgs viewpoint on truth telling in medicine?

Answer 18

Doctors do not get a special exemption from the nature of their work, they should still respect patient autonomy

Question 19

What is Higgs main viewpoint to know if there is a lie or not?

Answer 19

It is based on intention to tell the truth

Question 20

What is Higgins argument for the patient not having a full knowledge of medicine, and the resulting uncertainty?

Answer 20

It is the responsibility of the doctor to communicate the informed guesses to patients, and give the limited knowledge they do have, not to do so would be immoral

Question 21

What is Higgins argument for the patient not liking to hear depressing/frightening news?

Answer 21

Other occupations do not expect this, and 2/3 to 3/4 of people surveyed said they were in favor of knowing

Question 22

What is Higgins argument for the diagnosis causing harm?

Answer 22

These are very uncommon cases and generally argues for a better method of telling, not not to tell at all

Question 23

What are the 4 main outlined ideas Higgins suggests as to why we shouldn’t lie to patients?

Answer 23

1. Informed Consent
2. Negates Autonomy
3. Erodes trust in medical system
4. Can lead to abuses of power

Question 24

What do Callaghan and Lachs argue about MAID?

Answer 24

Callaghan considers it a slippery slope, and Lachs criticizes Callaghan as missing the point

Question 25

What is the harm principle?

Answer 25

People are allowed to live any way they want as long as it doesn't cause harm to others

Question 26

What are Callaghan's three reasons why MAID is unacceptable?

Answer 26

1. Killing for relief of suffering is a new category that has dangerous implications 2. Euthanasia allows for self-determination to extend to asking others to kill 3. It is not the role of medicine to manage deaths

Question 27

What kind of responsibilities are killing vs letting die?

Answer 27

Letting die = causal responsibility Euthanasia = moral responsibility

Question 28

What are the three postulates Callaghan proposes on slippery slope?

Answer 28

1. Self-determination vs suffering - anyone that is suffering can request 2. Unfair treatment of incompetent individuals - it would be immoral to not treat someone based on the grounds of incompetence 3. No clear stopping point - Once the turn has been made, it may become an easy route to take

Question 29

What are the 4 arguments Callaghan proposes on why doctors should not take part in euthanasia?

Answer 29

1. It is not the role of the doctor to judge who can like and who can't 2. Euthanasia would switch from healthcare to happiness/life management 3. Medicine is just to treat illness 4. Euthanasia is a false quick solution for the "riddle of life"

Question 30

What does Lachs propose about the monopoly on drugs?

Answer 30

Medicine should take responsibility for creating the limitation to drugs

Question 31

What does Lachs argue about the transfer of the right to kill?

Answer 31

He argues that in the spirit of self-determination and free rights, the right can definitely be transferred if everyone agrees, like dental care

Question 32

What does Lachs argue about absolute limits on rights?

Answer 32

That they are context dependent i. e. kidney donation

Question 33

Lachs argues what about the role of doctors?

Answer 33

Doctors should help their patients live well, and have developed considerable skill in complaint understanding

Question 34

What are the viewpoints of Thompson and Marquis?

Answer 34

Thompson is for abortion, Marquis is against

Question 35

What is the main argument of Thompson?

Answer 35

The mother has a right to live that is equal to or more autonomous than the baby

Question 36

What are Thompson's 5 analogies?

Answer 36

Violinist - no obligation to stay, tiny house - no obligation to wait for death, and coat - no obligation to give up what is yours in times of need, brother - no obligation to give up what is yours, people-seeds - if precautions are taken, not responsible for outcomes

Question 37

What categorizations of action does Thompson use to justify the samaritanization of abortion?

Answer 37

Good Samaritans and minimally good Samaritans

Question 38

What does Marquis use to circumvent the standoff of whether a fetus is a human or not?

Answer 38

He uses the premise that moralization is based off the "value of a human future" killing

Question 39

What the the Marquis two accounts to argue against killing?

Answer 39

Desire account - there is a fundamental desire to continue living Discontinuation account - It discontinues a person's ongoing experience of living

Question 40

What is the fundamental problem with the desire account?

Answer 40

-It fails to explain why it is wrong to kill a sleeping or suicidal person (this is why it is only a sufficient not necessary reason) -people may have different desires at different times, and changing the ability to be killed off of this is absurd

Question 41

What are the 2 problems with the discontinuation account?

Answer 41

1. Fetuses don't have ongoing activities to continue 2. The need for value overlaps with the future-like-ours idea

Question 42

What are 2 objections to the general future-like-ours arguement?

Answer 42

1. Fetuses may lack the mentation necessary to have a value to its future 2. Values are only valuable if they are valuable to the person (some things can be valuable even if it is failed to be reocognized)

Question 43

What is Steinbock's viewpoint on PAS?

Answer 43

It is not yet justified to extend to psychiatric patients but should be with more research

Question 44

What is Rooney's viewpoint on PAS?

Answer 44

It should be extended to TRD patients as it is discriminatory to exclude them on a basis of irremediableness, vulnerability, or competence

Question 45

What do transhumanists argue about posthumanism?

Answer 45

They argue that technology for enhancement should be widely available and people should have reproductive freedom

Question 46

What is the opposing theory to transhumanism?

Answer 46

Bioconservatism

Question 47

What are the two bioconservatist arguments? (with rebuttals)

Answer 47

1. Dehumanizing (naturalistic fallacy) 2. Conflict arising (society already handles diversity well, no evidence)

Question 48

What is Bostrom's defense of posthuman dignity as a moral status?

Answer 48

Morality is not compromised by enhancement, and the idea that morality would be affected by this says more about our inclusion of new things

Question 49

What is Bostrom's defense of posthuman dignity as a quality of being honorable or worthy?

Answer 49

Enhancement may as well make people more morally correct, and people already have moral differences

Question 50

What is Bostrom's defense of posthuman parental tyranny of kids?

Answer 50

Modified individuals would actually have more autonomy, and regulation should protect against harm, not choice