MT2

Question 1

What is the viewpoint of Thompson?

Answer 1

Pro-Choice (abortion)

Question 2

What is the viewpoint of Marquis?

Answer 2

Pro-Life (abortion is immoral)

Question 3

What is the viewpoint of Callaghan?

Answer 3

Anti-MAID

Question 4

What is the viewpoint of Lachs?

Answer 4

Pro-MAID

Question 5

What is the viewpoint of Steinbach?

Answer 5

MAID in principle is good, psychiatric illness not yet

Question 6

Resnik

Answer 6

Distinction of Gene therapy

Question 7

What are Callaghan’s 3 concerns of MAID?

Answer 7

1. Euthanasia is a new dangerous mode of legitimate killing
2. Limits of self-determination: individuals now have the right to demand this from another
3. Role of medicine is taken too far

Question 8

What is the difference between moral and causal responsiblity?

Answer 8

Causal is attributed to a physical responsibility, moral is attributed to one who has made a judgement morally

Question 9

What is the difference between letting die and killing?

Answer 9

Letting die: not necessarily moral responsibility, more causal

Killing: moral responsibility.

Question 10

What is Callaghan’s problem with MAID and responsibility?

Answer 10

He sees that if we blur the line between causal and moral responsibility, we will justify more active forms of euthanasia

Question 11

What are Callaghan’s 8 critiques of maid?

Answer 11

1. Unbearable suffering is subjective
2. Medical conditions/prognoses are uncertain
3. Doctors/patients may conceal euthanasia
4. There will be low reporting rates of euthanasia
5. Doctors cannot determine the worth of life
6. Euthanasia shifts all of medicine’s role
7. Medicine = illness treatment
8. Physicians will see it as a solution to wrong cases

Question 12

What are Callaghan’s 4 slippery slope arguments?

Answer 12

1. He will see self-determination as a justification for all to have access
2. Incompetence will be grounds of unfair refusal
3. No clear stopping point
4. Inevitability of abuse

Question 13

What are the 4 points Callaghan makes about the inevitability of abuse?

Answer 13

1. Legal violations always occur
2. Disagreement will lead to evasion
3. Dutch experience - done without explicit agreement (non-voluntary)
4. Weak enforcement = violations

Question 14

What is Lach’s critique of Callaghan’s slippery slope?

Answer 14

1. Lack of causal necessity - there is no connection
2. Ignores regulatory safeguards already in place
3. False dichotomy - it is not black and white, exceptions can be made

Question 15

What are Lach’s arguments about the ability to transfer right to kill oneself?

Answer 15

It is transferrable as a right in itself - free to do whatever with it

Question 16

What examples does Lach use to argue his ability to transfer his own rights?

Answer 16

Dentist, kidneys, army

Question 17

What is Lach’s viewpoint on limits?

Answer 17

They are conventional, not absolute, they can be amended to fit the situations and are set by society

Question 18

What is Steinbock’s main stance?

Answer 18

Non-terminal illness should get maid, but psychiatric not yet

Question 19

What are the two criteria a depressed person must have to get MAID in Steinbock’s opinion?

Answer 19

Competence and treatment resistance

Question 20

What is Steinbock’s arguments against MAID for psychiatric patients?

Answer 20

Not enough data to assess competence/treatment resistance

Question 21

What is the paradox of treatment resistance and competence of depression?

Answer 21

It is a symptom, so the more ill one is, the more suffering they will have, but the less competent they will be

Question 22

What are Steinbock’s concerns with identifying TRD?

Answer 22

1. There is no consensus on diagnoses
2. There is no consensus on how many other forms of treatment
3. No idea of when treatment will even work

Question 23

What is anhedonia?

Answer 23

The feeling of hopelessness, inability to find pleasure

Question 24

What is the difference between a logical and empirical slippery slope argument?

Answer 24

Logical - a restriction of an existing broad principle is unjustifiable

Empirical - Seemingly acceptable law = unacceptable results

Question 25

What type of slippery slope arguments are there?

Answer 25

Logical and empirical

Question 26

What is the example of a logical slippery slope argument?

Answer 26

Same-sex intimacy led to same-sex marriage

Question 27

How does Steinbock argue with the logical slippery slope argument?

Answer 27

Say the outcome is not inherently bad, some cases of existential suffering/depression may warrant

Question 28

What is Rooney's point of view?

Answer 28

MAID is psychiatric cases is acceptable

Question 29

What are Rooney's three criteria?

Answer 29

Irremediableness, vulnerability, competence

Question 30

What are some troubling statistics associated with TRD irremediableness?

Answer 30

Some studies show less than 10% remission, or higher rates with more relapse Specialized tertiary care even gives les than 40% remission

Question 31

What is the utilitarianism argument for MAID in psych?

Answer 31

There will be some false positives in return for all of the true irremediable cases

Question 32

What tool is used for the irremediableness?

Answer 32

The MSM (Maudsley staging method) based on failed treatments

Question 33

What are the two "risks" that Rooney balances in iremediableness?

Answer 33

False positives vs. continual suffering

Question 34

What is Rooney's issue with vulnerability?

Answer 34

It lumps together all patients as there are no precise boundaries.

Question 35

What is VPS?

Answer 35

Violence, abuse, poverty, are all conditions that contribute to vulnerability

Question 36

What does Rooney argue about competence?

Answer 36

If a patient is competent, they are not volnerable

Question 37

What is the problem with labelling patients vulenrable?

Answer 37

1. It is overbroad 2. It ignores the autonomy of the individual 3. It stigmatizes patients as people who can't make decisions 4. It may hinder development in individuals with the label

Question 38

What is Rooney's conclusion on vulnerability?

Answer 38

Can't ban everyone, but there should be proper safeguards

Question 39

Can psychologist gauge an individual's competence?

Answer 39

According to survey, yes to some extent (challenging)

Question 40

What are Rooney's conclusions on competence?

Answer 40

Small countries have small numbers of psych MAID, so careful review is possible High scores can give some confidence With guidelines, healthcare providers can make judgement

Question 41

What is Thompson's main argument about right to life?

Answer 41

Even if the fetus is a person, it is not necessarily outweighing the mother's bodily autonomy

Question 42

What does the Violinist case imply?

Answer 42

Involuntary circumstances does not equal murder

Question 43

What does the people-seeds analogy imply?

Answer 43

Its superogeratory to host if precautions were taken against it

Question 44

What parallel does the coat example demonstrate?

Answer 44

Bodily ownership, mother has a rightful claim to her own body

Question 45

What abortion analogy shows us that even if sharing is good, there is no entitlement to demand the resources of another?

Answer 45

Chocolate box analogy

Question 46

What kind of Samaritanism is applied to pregnancy? What is Thompson's argument here for the pre-choice debate?

Answer 46

There is good Samaritans and Minimally decent Samaritans, and minimally decent ones are not punished in other parts of society

Question 47

What is Marquis focus on abortion?

Answer 47

It is about future prospects of the fetus

Question 48

What definitions of personhood does Marquis go over and why is it relevant?

Answer 48

There are biological and rational ways of describing humans. It is an idea that states there will never be an agreement as to if an embryo is a baby, if it is biologically considered one or morally

Question 49

What does FLO stand for?

Answer 49

Future like ours

Question 50

What is the desire account? What is Marquis objection to this?

Answer 50

It is that killing is wrong based off of desire to live, but the argument is that some individuals don't have an active desire to live

Question 51

What is the discontinuation account? What is Marquis objection to this?

Answer 51

Killing is wrong because it discontinues someone's life, the argument is that fetuses have no beginning, so this argument does not protect them

Question 52

What is Bassen's argument? What is the response?

Answer 52

Bassen's mentation argument says a fetus cannot be a victim. Marquis response is that mentation is not all that is required, unconscious persons are still wrong to kill. It is the lack of future.

Question 53

What are the 4 reasons why the "value of future view" is useful?

Answer 53

1. It avoids the ambiguities about human life 2. It permits euthanasia and does not condemn contraception 3. It aligns with moral intuitions about why killing is wrong 4. It resolves the standard abortion dilemma (fetus not single cells fall under the same category as adult killing.)

Question 54

What are the two types of disease descriptions?

Answer 54

Normative(social norms, undesirable deviation) and descriptive (atypical functioning)

Question 55

What is the first proposed response of Resnick as to why gene therapy is good but enhancement is bad?

Answer 55

The goals of medicine are to heal (but there are blurred lines as enhancement may prevent disease.)

Question 56

What is a cluster concept?

Answer 56

It is a list of overlapping features that describes what it means to be human.

Question 57

What is Resnik's position on the slippery slope concerns of genetic therapy/enhancement?

Answer 57

Some enhancements may be problematic but not necessarily all. Complex field involving other values.

Question 58

What are the types of euthanasia?

Answer 58

Voluntary Non-voluntary (can't give) Involuntary (murder)

Question 59

Pain vs suffering

Answer 59

Physical vs mental reactions