Random things for MC I haven't memorized

Question 1

What is valid vs sound arguments?

Answer 1

Valid = logical
Sound = logical + correct

Question 2

What is a syllogism?

Answer 2

Two premises and a conclusion

Question 3

What are the features of moral norms? (6)

Answer 3

1. Normative dominance
2. Universality - apply in all similar situations
3. Impartiality - applies for all unless morally significant difference
4. Reasonableness
   5.Non-Maleficence
5. Beneficence

Question 4

What is a right?

Answer 4

An action that is obligatory (wrong not to do) or permissible (not wrong not to do)

Question 5

What is a prima facie duty?

Answer 5

Context dependent

Question 6

What are the two possible restrictions on autonomy?

Answer 6

The harm principle (you can do wtv you want if you don’t harm) and paternalism (for your own good)

Question 7

What are the main points of John Rawls Theory of Justice?

Answer 7

Justice is decided as a social contract in the original position

1. Equal liberty principle - each person has the right to the most without infringing on others
2. Difference Principle - Inequalities are permissible if they benefit the disadvantaged or are attached to fair competition for it

Maximin rule: Chose the least bad system

Question 8

What is Nozick’s theory?

Answer 8

Minimal state is good -> people can only acquire through the principle of acquisition in justice or transfer

Question 9

What is the word for religious moralities?

Answer 9

Ontologies

Question 10

What is ethical relativism?

Answer 10

Everyone is different, there is subjective relativism (everyone) or cultural relativism (within cultures)

Question 11

What are Collins 4 types of people hearing the truth?

Answer 11

1. The people that can handle it
2. The people who don’t want to know
3. The people who can’t handle it
4. The people where it’s not relevant/serious enough

Question 12

What are Collin’s unacceptable lies?

Answer 12

1. Pretending to know a diagnosis
2. Claiming success without proof
3. Declaring a condition incurable

Question 13

What are the 2 meanings of informed consent?

Answer 13

1. Autonomous authorization - personal self determination
2. Institutional / policy based - regulatory policy

Question 14

What is act and rule consequentialism?

Answer 14

Act - every option should be weighed
Rule - there is a general rule that is better than all this work

Question 15

What is reciprocity in pandemic ethics?

Answer 15

The system has to give the staff enough to continue to care

Question 16

What is the 10/90 divide?

Answer 16

We spend 10% of funding on diseases that make up 90%

Question 17

What is voluntary vs non-voluntary vs involuntary euthanasia?

Answer 17

Voluntary - Consensual
Non -voluntary - unconscious
Involuntary - against their wishes (murder)

Question 18

What are Callaghan’s institution based fears about MAID?

Answer 18

1. Inevitability of abuse
2. Low enforcement priority / legal weakness

Question 19

What is the problem with the vulnerability label for MAID inclusion?

Answer 19

It is really broad and unspecified

Question 20

What are the two factors in assessing competence?

Answer 20

It is decision relative, and a threshold concept

Question 21

What is Bassen’s mentation argument?

Answer 21

That fetuses cannot be victims of abortion if they don’t have consciousness

Question 22

What is Panglossian Darwinism?

Answer 22

Natural selection has made us perfect - FALSE

Question 23

What is the natural law approach?

Answer 23

It assumes that people have more worth than anything modified

Question 24

What are the rebuttals to gene therapy right of the unborn arguments?

Answer 24

1. Decision by proxy is acceptable
2. Genetically modified genome can be in the child’s best interest
3. The line between parenting and autonomy is already unclear