final (module 4-8) Flashcards
(35 cards)
hindsight bias?
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (the I knew it all along phenomenoa)
Overconfidence?
humans tend to be more confident than correct
theory?
explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize observations and predict behaviors or events
hypothesis?
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
operational definiton?
a carefully worded statement of exact prodcedures (operations) used in the study. (ex. human intellegence may be an operational definiton as what an intellegnce test meaures)
Replication?
repeating the essence of a research study, with different participants in different situations, to see wether the basic finding can be reproduced
what makes up the scientific method?
theories, hypothesis, reasarch + observations
What is a case study?
a technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
naturalistic observation?
a technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations, without try to manipulate or control the situation (ex. watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle)
survey?
a technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, (random sample) of the group. (ex 68% of all humans-say that religion is important in theri life)
sampling bias?
to generalize from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases, produces an unrepresentative sample
Population?
the whole group that you want to study, all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
random sample?
every person in the group has an equal chance of participating, a sample that fairly represents a population
correlate?
one trait or behavior tends to coindice with another; how well either factor predicts one another. (1, or -1, correlates 100%)
correlational coefficent?
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (1 or -1 correclates 100%)
variables?
anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure
scatterplot?
a graph of clustered dots, each represnts the value of two variables (like a point on a graph), the dots all together suggest the relationship of the two things you are comparing
illusory correlation?
preciving a relationship between two things where no relationship exists, preciving a stronger then actual relationship (believing dreams forecast events)
regression tword the mean?
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) to the mean. (ex. students who score much lower on a test than they usually would, would return to their average the next test they take)
expirement?
expirements enable researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by (1) manipulating the factors of interest (2) holding constant (controlling) other factors, to do this they create and expiremental group and a control group
randomly assign?
to minimize any prexisting differences between the two groups, you must ranomly assign people to each group, random assignment effecitvely equailizes the 2 groups.
placebo effect?
experimental results causes by expectations alone, thinking getting a pill will relive your pain, and reporting that you have less pain when the pill was actaully fake (placebo pill)
validity?
the extent to which a test or expirement measures or predicts what it is supposed to
informed consent?
giving a potential participant enough info about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate, must do
