module 22 and 23 quiz

Question 1

what is a lights wavelength?

Answer 1

the distance from one peak to the next

Question 2

a wavelength determines hue, what is hue?

Answer 2

hue is the color we experience

Question 3

a light waves amplitude, or height, determines its intensity, what is intensity?

Answer 3

intensity is the amount of energy the wave contains, intensity influences brightness

Question 4

short wavelength=

Answer 4

high frequency, bluish colors

Question 5

long wavelength=

Answer 5

low frequency, reddish colors

Question 6

great amplitude (taller)=

Answer 6

bright colors

Question 7

small amplitude (shorter)=

Answer 7

dull colors

Question 8

light enters the eye through the _____, which bends light to help provide focus

Answer 8

cornea

Question 9

after the cornea, light then passes through the ______, a small adjustable opening

Answer 9

pupil

Question 10

surrounding the pupil and control its size is the _____, a colored muscle that dialates or constricts in response to light

Answer 10

iris

Question 11

after passing thru the pupil, light hits the transparent _____ in your eye, that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Answer 11

lens

Question 12

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, contains rods and cones, and layers of nerurons that begin sensory information

Answer 12

retina

Question 13

the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Answer 13

accommodation

Question 14

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensative to movement. necesary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond, 120 million

Answer 14

rods

Question 15

retinal receptors that are located near the center of the retina and function in daylight or well-lit conditions. detect fine detail and color perceptions, 6 million

Answer 15

cones

Question 16

a chemial reaction sparks nearby bipolar cells, then bipolar cells activate ganglion cells, those axons twine together to form the ______, which is the nerve that carries nerual impulses from the eye to the brain

Answer 16

optic nerve

Question 17

an area with no receptor cells, where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Answer 17

blind spot

Question 18

cones cluster in and around the _____, the retinas area of central focus

Answer 18

fovea

Question 19

technically a tomato is everything but red because it _______ the long wavelenghts of red

Answer 19

reflects/rejects

Question 20

Three color theory:

Answer 20

the retina contains three different types of color receptors, one most sensitive to red, blue, or green, which when stimulated in combination can produce a perception of any color

Question 21

opponent-process theory:

Answer 21

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red. the reason you cant see greenish red. also the cause of afterimages

Question 22

color perception occurs in two stages:

Answer 22

the retinas red, green, and blue cones respond to different degrees so stimuli, like 3 color theory suggests, then the cones responses are processed by opponent processing cells (opponent process theory)

Question 23

feature detectors:

Answer 23

nerve cells in the occipital lobes visual cortex that respond to a scenes edges, lines, angles, and movement

Question 24

parallel processing:

Answer 24

processing many aspects (motion, form, depth, color) of a problem simultaneusly; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. the reason we can recognize a face

Question 25

gestalt:

Answer 25

an organized whole; our tendency to integrate peices of information into an organized whole.

Question 26

figure-ground:

Answer 26

perceivng any object as distinict from its surroundings. the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

Question 27

our mind brings order and form to other stimuli by following certain rules for _____

Answer 27

grouping; the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Question 28

Proximity:

Answer 28

grouping; we group nearby figures together. we see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines

Question 29

continuity:

Answer 29

grouping; we percive smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. instead of seeing a series of alternating semicircles we see it as two continuous lines, one straight one curvy

Question 30

Closure:

Answer 30

grouping; we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. we can see a triangle from 3 semi circles because our brain constructs the triangle

Question 31

depth perception:

Answer 31

allows us to judge distance; the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional

Question 32

binocular cue:

Answer 32

the depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes. people that see with two eyes percive depth thanks to binocular cues

Question 33

we use bionoular cues to judge the distance of nearby objects, one such cue is _______, the inward angle of the eyes focusing on a nearby objcet

Answer 33

convergence

Question 34

retinal disparity:

Answer 34

since your eyes are 2.5 inches apart, your retinas receive slightly different images of the world. by comparing these two images, your brain can judge how close an object is to you. the greater the disparity (difference) between the two objects, the closer the object

Question 35

monocular cues:

Answer 35

depth cues avalible to each eye seperately, like interpositon or linear persepctive

Question 36

Phi phenomenon

Answer 36

all illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blind on and off in quick succession. blinking lights that create what looks like a moving arrow

Question 37

relative height:

Answer 37

we perceive objects higher in our visual field as farther away

Question 38

relative size:

Answer 38

if we assume two objects are similar in size, people perceive the one that casts as smaller retinal image as farther away

Question 39

interpositon:

Answer 39

if one object paritally blocks our view of another we perceive it as closer

Question 40

relative motion:

Answer 40

as we move, objects that are actually stable appear to be moving. objects in front of the point will appear to move backward, the farther an object is the faster it will seem to move

Question 41

linear persepctive:

Answer 41

parallel lines appear to meet in the distance, the sharper angle of convergence, the greater the percieved distance

Question 42

light and shadow:

Answer 42

shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption. light comes from above

Question 43

perceptual constancy:

Answer 43

being able to recognize objects without being deceived by changes in their color, brightness, shape, or size even as illumination and retinal images change, a top down process.

Question 44

color constancy:

Answer 44

perceiving objects has having a consistant color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelenghts reflected by the object

Question 45

relative luminance (brightness constancy depends on this):

Answer 45

the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings, white paper reflects 90% of light falling on it while black paper reflects 10%

Question 46

size constancy:

Answer 46

we perceive on object as having an unchanging size even while our distance from it varies

Question 47

critical period:

Answer 47

an optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli or expirences is required. when critial period is passed, for example, putting an eye patch on for a long amount of time will do nothing to your sight

Question 48

perceptual adaptation:

Answer 48

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificailly displaced or even inverted visual feild