Final Prep

Question 1

In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function?

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

Tissue definition

Answer 2

Layer of a mass of cells that perform a specific function

Question 3

Define metabolism

Answer 3

sum of all chemical reactions in cell or body

Question 4

What is responsiveness of an organism?

Answer 4

ability to adjust to changes

Question 5

Homeostasis definition

Answer 5

maintain constant stable internal environment

Question 6

What type of mechanism is required to maintain a stable internal environment?

Answer 6

negative feedback loop

Question 7

Negative feedback definition

Answer 7

stimulation to change variable in opposite direction

Question 8

Parietal layer of a serous membrane line what?

Answer 8

body cavities

Question 9

Visceral layer of a serous membrane covers what?

Answer 9

organs

Question 10

A body has been sectioned in such a way that both lungs and the urinary bladder are visible. What type of section was used?

Answer 10

frontal

Question 11

Upper mid portion of the abdomen is call the _____ region.

Answer 11

epigastric

Question 12

What requirement of life is the most abundant chemical in the body and is the major component of extracellular fluid?

Answer 12

water

Question 13

The pancreas releases hormones. it also releases enzymes needed to break down food. Because of this dual role, the pancreas could be considered part of what two organ systems?

Answer 13

endocrine and digestive

Question 14

Matter is composed of elements which are in turn composed of what?

Answer 14

atomsHow

Question 15

is the atomic number of an atom calculated?

Answer 15

of protons in the nucleus

Question 16

Atomic mass of an atom?

Answer 16

protons plus # of neutrons

Question 17

Definition and examples of Cations

Answer 17

positively charged ions element loses electron: Hydrogen, sodium, calcium, potassiumHow does

Question 18

1 isotope differ from another of the same element?

Answer 18

atomic mass

Question 19

What group of elements accounts for more than 95% of the human body by weight?

Answer 19

calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 20

How do the atoms of different elements differ from one another?

Answer 20

of atomic # atomic mass

Question 21

How do isotopes of a particular element compare to each other?

Answer 21

different mass #; same atomic #

Question 22

What particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?

Answer 22

proton and neutrons

Question 23

What is the mass number of an element whose atoms contain eight protons, eight electrons, and eight neutrons?

Answer 23

16

Question 24

First electron shell of an atom holds a max of how many electrons?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

An atom has a full innermost shell and 3 electrons in its second shell. what would happen when this atom forms a chemical bond?

Answer 25

lose 3 electrons in outer shell

Question 26

Why is a complete atom considered to be electrically neutral?

Answer 26

positive protons equal # negative electrons

Question 27

Chemical bonding occurs because of interactions between what?

Answer 27

electrons

Question 28

What are the 3 major parts of a cell?

Answer 28

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

Question 29

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

Answer 29

It controls entrance and exit of the cell

Question 30

Describe the structural organization of cell membrane?

Answer 30

phospholipid bilayer: protein molecules embedded in it

Question 31

Integral protein

Answer 31

crosses cell membrane

Question 32

ATP is used to wet many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders?

Answer 32

mitochondria

Question 33

Main function of crustal in mitochondria

Answer 33

increase inner membrane for chemical reactions

Question 34

How are DNA molecules stored in the nucleus?

Answer 34

couplex w/ protein in form of chromatin

Question 35

Function of the nucleus

Answer 35

directs activity of the cell

Question 36

Defining characteristic of a stem cell

Answer 36

self renewal

Question 37

Define metabolism

Answer 37

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 38

Why is protein synthesis so important to the body?

Answer 38

enzymes are composed of proteins are essential

Question 39

What is an example of catabolism

Answer 39

chemical reaction that release energy

Question 40

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 40

bonds formed and water released

Question 41

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 41

addition of water to break bond

Question 42

Molecules that function to increase the rate of chemical reactions are called what?

Answer 42

enzyme

Question 43

Description of enzyme

Answer 43

catalyst for chemical reaction

Question 44

Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. Individuals who are lactose intolerant lack the enzyme to break this sugar down into monosaccharides. Considering enzyme nomenclature, what enzyme is deficient in these individuals?

Answer 44

lactase

Question 45

What are the basic steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

Answer 45

substrate and enzyme combine, forming ES complex

Question 46

Describe the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate

Answer 46

parts of enzyme temporarily binds to substrate

Question 47

What is an important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways?

Answer 47

negative feedback

Question 48

What factors increase the rate of enzyme controlled reactions?

Answer 48

enzymes, # substrate molecules, efficiency of enzyme

Question 49

A cofactor is ____. Examples are __________

Answer 49

necessary part of an enzyme; copper, iron, zinc

Question 50

Humans require vitamins in their diets. What is a major function of these vitamins in the body?

Answer 50

function as coenzymes

Question 51

What becomes more abundant during cellular respiration

Answer 51

ATP

Question 52

What molecule is common to both the carb and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically?

Answer 52

acetyl coenzyme A

Question 53

what is produced in the citric acid cycle; exhaled when breathing out?

Answer 53

carbon dioxide

Question 54

Overall function of cellular respiration

Answer 54

release energy from nutrient molecules to be used as cellular energy

Question 55

The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the _____ and the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the _____

Answer 55

cytoplasm; mitochondria