Final Quiz

Question 1

Woody perennials of temperate zone, undergo every year a period of “rest” (__________) which marks the end of that year’s growing period

Answer 1

endo-dormancy

Question 2

________ will grow in any climatic zone where growing season is long enough to allow them to mature

Answer 2

annuals

Question 3

______ continuous active growth is impossible during an annual cycle

Answer 3

perennials

Question 4

Dormancy is an _____ mechanism

Answer 4

evolved

Question 5

define paradormancy

Answer 5

inhibition of bud growth due to factors

outside of the bud

Question 6

give an example of paradormancy

Answer 6

“pinching” or “heading back” relieves apical dominance & enhances branching on
horticultural plants

Question 7

define endodormancy

Answer 7

inhibition of bud growth due to internal

factors within the bud itself

Question 8

give an example of endodormancy

Answer 8

true dormancy or rest

Question 9

define ecodormancy

Answer 9

inhibition of growth due to non-conducive /

adverse environmenta

Question 10

give an example of ecodormancy

Answer 10

lack of bud growth during an unseasonably cold spring

Question 11

Trigger for ‘dormancy-breakage’ (2 reasons)

Answer 11

exposure of buds to cold temperatures

during the fall and winter or meeting the chilling requirement

Question 12

define chilling requirements

Answer 12

An exposure of a minimum number of chill hours (0-7 °C) required to overcome dormancy

Question 13

what is one chill unit?

Answer 13

1 hour at 32 - 45 F

Question 14

Chilling requirement varies among

Answer 14

species and cultivars

Question 15

Inadequate chilling results in what?

Answer 15

Poor flower bud-break, Poor / slow leaf development, Poor crop

Question 16

_____ peaches are suitable for FL while relatively ______ peaches for SC and GA

Answer 16

low chill; high chill

Question 17

Fruit producers and nursery professionals (temperate zone) may desire to _______ of those buds that are no longer endo-dormant

Answer 17

delay breaking

Question 18

why would horticulutralists want to delay breaking?

Answer 18

to avoid cold damage to those buds that are already endo-dormant

Question 19

how can delay breaking be done in the field

Answer 19

misting– evaporative cooling

Question 20

do studies point to ABA inducing or deducing dormancy

Answer 20

inducing

Question 21

_____ increases in buds at the onset of dormancy in several woody species

Answer 21

ABA

Question 22

IAA/ABA balance favors ___ during mid-winter but shifts in the favor of ____ in the spring

Answer 22

ABA; IAA

Question 23

Exogenous (external) application of ____ induces buddormancy

Answer 23

ABA

Question 24

Exact role of ABA in bud-dormancy is _____

Answer 24

unclear

Question 25

How is photoperiod signal perceived by plants?

Answer 25

phytochrome

Question 26

1. Photoperiod (short-days) signal is | perceived by ______

Answer 26

leaves

Question 27

2. This signal alters the ratio of | ______ forms

Answer 27

phytochrome

Question 28

3. Altered phytochrome ratio serves as a second-messenger to block __________

Answer 28

GA biosynthesis

Question 29

4. Cell division and elongation are _____ in the growth apices - growth cessation

Answer 29

blocked

Question 30

Using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) technique, it was observed that endo-dormant apple buds had less “_____” water than the eco-dormant buds

Answer 30

free

Question 31

Bound water increased in apple buds when exposed to

Answer 31

dormancy inducing treatments

Question 32

Transition from active growth to the suspension of growth (i.e. dormancy) and then switch from dormancy to active growth occurs in the

Answer 32

meristems

Question 33

Therefore, researchers have focused on stem apical meristem (SAM) to investigate the physiological mechanism of ______ induction and release

Answer 33

dormancy

Question 34

Dormancy is _____ due to disruption of cell-to-cell communication in the stem apical meristem (SAM)

Answer 34

induced

Question 35

Dormancy is ______ by restoration of this cell-to-cell communication leading to an active apical mesristem

Answer 35

broken

Question 36

SAM cells are united by

Answer 36

plasmodesmata network

Question 37

define SAM

Answer 37

stem apical meristem

Question 38

Cells can and do exchange signaling | ______ and ______ through the plasmodesmata

Answer 38

molecules and other metabolites

Question 39

Blockage of the plasmodesmatal connections is due to formation of a complex carbohydrate called what?

Answer 39

glucans

Question 40

Glucan production is activated as the mersitems undergo _______

Answer 40

dormancy

Question 41

Chilling enhances the production of enzymes called _______

Answer 41

glucanases

Question 42

________ digest glucans and cell-to-cell connections are restored

Answer 42

Glucanases