Final Review Flashcards
The name listed on drug labels as active ingredient is the trade name of the drug.
False
It is appropriate to cut enteric-coated or SR tablets in half to provide a more accurate dosing of the medication.
False
An owner reports an unusual side effect for a drug that the veterinarian prescribed. You should:
Contact the FDA and/or drug manufacturer to report the adverse event.
Veterinary Feed Directives (VFDs) are only required for medically important antibiotics added to food and/or water of food animal species that are definitely entering the human food chain.
False
The difference between whether a drug is harmful or helpful to the patient relies upon
how the drug is used
____________ constitute adverse drug effects that could potentially do significant harm to the patient.
warnings
___________ is an artificial sweetener used in some human sugar-free syrups that causes massive insulin release in dogs.
xylitol
If a standard injectable form of a drug is given every 12 hours, would the repository form of the same drug be more likely to be given every:
2 days
Which liquid formulation of a drug can be safely given intravenously without being shaken before administration?
solution
The dose calculated for any particular patient
is actually a scientific guess
_____________ consist of active ingredient drug in powdered form mixed with sweetener and flavoring agent.
molded tablets
____________ are alcohol-based solutions used for oral or topical application.
tintures
____________ are therapeutic agents composed of specially prepared plant or animal parts rather than chemicals synthesized in a laboratory.
extracts
_______________ is the period of time between the last dose of a drug and when the animal can be slaughtered for human food or its food products can be sold.
withdrawl time
A controlled substance with a schedule III would have less potential for abuse than a schedule II drugs.
True
The ________________ legislation gives veterinarians the right to prescribe drugs for extra-label use in veterinary patients.
AMDUCA
This type of drug can be legally obtained without a prescription.
OTC
Extra-label drug usage in veterinary medicine
- is legally allowed under certain circumstances
- is using a drug in any manner other than that for which –it received FDA approval
- will not appear on the drug insert
The ______________ is designed to not allow a tablet to dissolve until it reaches the small intestine.
enteric coating
The ___________ system is the most commonly used measuring system today.
metric
Cytotoxic drugs can be stored alongside all other drugs in the practice’s pharmacy area.
false
Mrs. Smith is on vacation with Fluffy, her dog, in another state. Fluffy runs out of his medication, so Mrs. Smith goes to a local veterinary clinic with the written prescription she picked up from Fluffy’s regular veterinarian on her way out of town. The technician at the local clinic greets Mrs. Smith and immediately fills Fluffy’s prescription without having the veterinarian exam Fluffy, so Mrs. Smith and Fluffy can continue with their vacation.
false
Weight by volume percentage solutions
are expressed as the number of grams of drug per 100ml liquid
The following drug order means what when written in words – 1gtt OU q4h:
1 drop into both eyes every 4 hours
The following drug order means what when written in words – 75mg PO q24h 3d:
75 milligrams by mouth every 24 hours for 3 days
All of the following must be included on a written drug prescription except?
patient weight
Controlled substances
none of these
An emulsion
Should be stirred or shaken prior to administering
The dosage of a drug is
the mass of drug needed per unit of weight for usage in any animal
Compounded drugs include, but are not limited to
- Combining two or more drugs into the same syringe for injection
- Emptying capsules into liquid to create a suspension
- Adding flavoring to a drug solution
A drug order is the same as a prescription.
false
The acronym ADR, when used in relation to pharmacology, stands for:
adverse drug reaction
A _________________ is any effect other than the intended effect of a drug that occurs within the normal therapeutic range.
side effect
____________ is the study of how drugs work.
pharmacology
The dose of a drug should be expressed as ________ of drug.
mass
Filling prescriptions for patients as indicated by the veterinarian’s prescription is referred to as
pharmacy
The agency in the US responsible for regulation of drugs that have the potential for abuse is:
DEA
The DEA requires all controlled substance inventory records be maintained and readily available for a minimum of ________.
2 years
Drugs in this category are considered “poisonous” to mammalian cells:
cytotoxins/cytotoxic
US federal law prohibits prescriptions for _______ controlled substances to have written refills.
C-II
All of the following are true regarding proper drug storage except:
All drugs can safely be kept at or below 8C (46F)
The abbreviation QID (also q.i.d.) means
Four times daily
A drug’s ____________ is the measure of how fast a volume of blood is cleared of the drug.
clearance
Drugs given via the _________ route reach peak plasma concentration fastest.
intravenous
Capillaries located in the ___________ have fenestrations allowing water and small drug molecules to enter and exit.
body and placenta
A drug with good affinity and intrinsic activity is called an agonist.
true
The process of breaking down dosage forms to the individual molecules is called dissolution.
true
Testing cattle for tuberculosis is an example of _______ drug administration.
ID
Your veterinarian instructs you to give an IP injection. Where do you inject the drug?
into the abdominal cavity
______________ is the study of how drugs work on the body.
pharmacodynamics
The environmental pH at which there are equal numbers of ionized and nonionized drug molecules is called the drug’s ___________.
PKA
______________ drug molecules are nonionized.
lipophilic
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is
an active transport pump found in some cells
All injectable drugs can be given via all routes; SQ, IM, and IV.
false
Many drugs are metabolized by _________ located in the ___________.
CYP, liver
Bioavailability is the percentage of drug administered that makes it into systemic circulation. All drugs administered ______ have a bioavailability of 100%.
IV
Absorption and distribution must occur for a drug to be effective.
true
All of the following are parenteral routes of drug administration except:
PO
An _____________ drug has affinity for a receptor but no intrinsic activity when combined with the receptor.
antagonist
Fat is a well perfused tissue.
false
Ionized drug molecules pass easily through cellular membranes.
false
Drug molecules must combine with _____________ located on a cell’s surface or within a cell for the cell to respond.
receptors
For aspirin, an acid drug, a shift in the environmental pH in the acidic direction by 1 pH unit results in:
100-times increase in ionized side of drug molecule ratio
________________ is the amplification or suppression of pain impulses by neurons in the spinal cord.
modulation
_____________________ involves the use of a combination of an opioid drug with a tranquilizer or sedative.
neuroleptanalgesia
_______________ is a CNS stimulant that works at the medulla of the brainstem to increase respiration.
doxepram
Ketamine is classified as a ____________ controlled substance.
C-III
μ-mediated opioid analgesia primarily works by:
decreasing release of excitatory neurotransmitters and dampening excitation of post-synaptic sites
Gas anesthetic agents:
- do not produce metabolites potentially toxic to the kidney
- produce anesthesia in a manner that is poorly understood
- are administered via the lungs
_______________ was the first alpha 2-agonist drug used in veterinary medicine, and remains widely used in both small and large animals.
xylazine
Opioids and opiates are exactly the same substances.
false
The use of which NMDA receptor antagonist(s) is thought to prevent spinal cord wind-up?
tiletamine
Drugs that reduce the perception of pain without significant loss of other sensations are called ________________.
analgesics
The tranquilizer drug __________ produces its effect by enhancing GABA activity.
diazepam
Historically, _____________ are drugs that were used to induce anesthesia or provide primary anesthesia in limited situation
barbiturates
The reversal drugs for ___________ are yohimbine and tolazoline
xylazine
Propofol:
- inhibits the NMDA receptor
- is an injectable anesthetic agent
- directly stimulates the GABA-A receptor
__________________ is a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid that is labeled for use as an antitussive in small animals.
butorphanol
__________ is an example of a dissociative anesthetic drug.
ketamine
One effect of medetomidine administration is bradycardia.
true
Tranquilizers and sedative produce a relaxed state via the same mechanism of action.
false
Gas anesthetics do not provide analgesia
true
The Alpha 2 agonist drugs
Are sedatives with some analgesic effects
________is the prototypical opioid drug against which all other opioids tend to be measured
morphine
The 4 steps of the pain pathway (in order) are
Transduction, transmission, modulation,perception
First-degree AV block
- is a result of slowed rate of depolarization wave conduction through AV node
- appears as a prolonged PR interval on ECG
- occurs with the use of Class II antiarrhythmic drugs (propranolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol, carvedilol)
The 4 types of adrenergic receptors with the greatest adrenergic drug roles are:
α1, β1, α2, β2
The ____________ nervous system is referred to as the “fight or flight” system.
sympathetic
ACE inhibitors
prevent angiotensin II and aldosterone formation
The heart consists of a __________-pump system
2
PVCs are a type of ventricular arrhythmia.
true
Heart valves allow blood flow in a single direction.
true
Catecholamines are positive inotropes.
true
____________ is a loop diuretic used to promote water loss in patients with CHF.
furosemide
___________ is a potassium-sparing diuretic.
spironolactone
Cats with cardiac disease are at decreased risk for thrombotic events, such as saddle thrombus.
false
Long term use of β blockers results in down regulation of the β1 receptors on cell surface.
false
The _______recieves oxygen rich blood from the lungs.
pulmonary veins
The ventricular contraction is recorded as the T wave on the ECG
false
Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker is used to treat atrial fibrillation
true
Arterial vasodilators
cause arteriolar smooth muscle relaxation
The pacemaker of the heart
Is located in the right atrium
________reduces pulmonary edema formation and is available as a topical cream.
Nitroglycerin
Any abnormal electrical activity in the heart is called an________.
Arrhythmia
Cardiac cell depolarization
Occurs when fast sodium channels open
The time during which a cell cannot depolarize again is called the _____________.
absolute refractory period
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart beats too slowly.
false
Which of the following cardiac drugs is also a poison found in nature?
digoxin
_____________ therapy is indicated in animals that are transiently hypoxic
Oxygen
Mucolytic agents
decrease mucus viscosity
Horses with recurrent airway obstruction may be treated with aerosolized ____________ as part of their treatment. Does have immunosuppressing effect
corticosteroids
Nonproductive coughing
none of these
Antimicrobial use in food animals
none of these
