Final Review Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What are the two main political parties discussed?
A
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Federalists were led by Hamilton, advocating for a strong federal power, while Democratic-Republicans were led by Jefferson, favoring strong state power.
2
Q
What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
A
Farmers in Pennsylvania protested high taxes on whiskey; Washington led federal troops to stop it
This event highlighted the tension between federal authority and local resistance.
3
Q
What advice did Washington give in his Farewell Address?
A
Stay neutral in foreign wars; avoid political party divisions
Washington warned against the dangers of political factions.
4
Q
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
A
Laws passed to silence Democratic-Republicans during John Adams’ presidency
The Alien Act targeted immigrants, while the Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government.
5
Q
What was the significance of Marbury vs. Madison?
A
Established judicial review by declaring a law unconstitutional for the first time
John Marshall was the Chief Justice in this landmark case.
6
Q
What were the constitutional concerns regarding the Louisiana Purchase?
A
Jefferson questioned if he had the authority to purchase land not explicitly stated in the Constitution
This reflects the debate between strict and loose construction of the Constitution.
7
Q
How much did the U.S. pay for the Louisiana Territory?
A
$15 million (3 cents an acre)
The purchase was made from France in 1803.
8
Q
What geographic area did the Louisiana Purchase cover?
A
Land west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, including New Orleans
This territory was explored by Lewis and Clark with the help of Sacajawea.
9
Q
What were the causes of the War of 1812?
A
Impressment of U.S. sailors, attacks on ships, and British support for Native Americans
These factors contributed to rising tensions between the U.S. and Britain.
10
Q
What were the effects of the War of 1812?
A
Weakened Native resistance, increased industry, and heightened nationalism
The U.S. demonstrated its ability to stand up to Britain.
11
Q
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
A
A statement declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to future European colonization
It established the U.S. as the protector of the Americas.
12
Q
What was the Missouri Compromise?
A
Maintained balance of free and slave states; Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state
It banned slavery north of the 36°30’ latitude.
13
Q
What did Gibbons vs. Ogden establish?
A
Federal government has authority to regulate interstate commerce
This case further expanded federal power over states.
14
Q
What was the ruling in McCulloch vs. Maryland?
A
A state cannot tax its branch of the national bank
This ruling upheld federal authority over state actions.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: The Federalists supported a _______ interpretation of the Constitution.
A
loose
16
Q
Fill in the blank: The Democratic-Republicans believed in a _______ interpretation of the Constitution.
A
strict
17
Q
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
A
Eli Whitney
Allowed for cotton to be cleaned at a much quicker pace and increased the demand for enslaved labor.
18
Q
What was the impact of the Telegraph?
A
Allowed people to communicate over long distances and increased national unity
19
Q
Who is associated with the invention of the Steamboat?
A
Robert Fulton
Allowed much quicker travel, including upstream.
20
Q
What innovation did John Deere create?
A
Steel Plow
Resulted in more efficient farming and widespread agriculture.
21
Q
What is Jacksonian Democracy?
A
The idea of spreading political power to the ‘common man’
Most states no longer required property ownership to vote.
22
Q
What political party did Jackson’s supporters form after the election of 1824?
A
Democratic Party
Formed after Jackson lost to John Quincy Adams.
23
Q
Who were the key figures in forming the Whig Party?
A
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster
They were opponents of Jackson who were against the concentration of power in the chief executive.
24
Q
What action did Jackson take against the National Bank?
A
Vetoed the renewal of the bank’s charter and withdrew government money
This led to the bank going out of business.
25
What was Jackson's response to the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia?
Refused to enforce the ruling
## Footnote
Stated, 'John Marshall has made his ruling, now let him enforce it.'
26
What is the Spoils System?
Giving government jobs to political backers
## Footnote
Jackson was criticized for this practice.
27
What was the Trail of Tears?
The forced journey of the Cherokee from Georgia to the Indian Territory
## Footnote
Thousands died on this harsh march.
28
What did the Supreme Court rule in Worcester vs. Georgia?
Only the federal government could deal with Indian Nations
## Footnote
Georgia state laws to move them out were invalid.
29
What is inflation?
An increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money
30
What was the Tariff of Abominations?
A 1828 tariff that raised the price of imported goods
## Footnote
Caused outrage among Southerners who felt economically oppressed.
31
What did John C. Calhoun propose as a response to the Tariff of Abominations?
The Doctrine of Nullification
## Footnote
Suggested that a state could void a federal law within its borders.
32
What was the Webster-Hayne Debate about?
The doctrine of states' rights/nullification
## Footnote
Daniel Webster argued against nullification, while Robert Hayne argued for it.
33
Who was James K. Polk?
U.S. president during the Mexican-American War
## Footnote
Sent troops to the Rio Grande after Texas was annexed.
34
What is Manifest Destiny?
The belief that westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean was inevitable
## Footnote
Coined by journalist John O'Sullivan.
35
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
Eli Whitney
## Footnote
Allowed for cotton to be cleaned at a much quicker pace and increased the demand for enslaved labor.
36
What was the impact of the Telegraph?
Allowed people to communicate over long distances and increased national unity
37
Who is associated with the invention of the Steamboat?
Robert Fulton
## Footnote
Allowed much quicker travel, including upstream.
38
What innovation did John Deere create?
Steel Plow
## Footnote
Resulted in more efficient farming and widespread agriculture.
39
What is Jacksonian Democracy?
The idea of spreading political power to the 'common man'
## Footnote
Most states no longer required property ownership to vote.
40
What political party did Jackson's supporters form after the election of 1824?
Democratic Party
## Footnote
Formed after Jackson lost to John Quincy Adams.
41
Who were the key figures in forming the Whig Party?
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster
## Footnote
They were opponents of Jackson who were against the concentration of power in the chief executive.
42
What action did Jackson take against the National Bank?
Vetoed the renewal of the bank's charter and withdrew government money
## Footnote
This led to the bank going out of business.
43
What was Jackson's response to the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia?
Refused to enforce the ruling
## Footnote
Stated, 'John Marshall has made his ruling, now let him enforce it.'
44
What is the Spoils System?
Giving government jobs to political backers
## Footnote
Jackson was criticized for this practice.
45
What was the Trail of Tears?
The forced journey of the Cherokee from Georgia to the Indian Territory
## Footnote
Thousands died on this harsh march.
46
What did the Supreme Court rule in Worcester vs. Georgia?
Only the federal government could deal with Indian Nations
## Footnote
Georgia state laws to move them out were invalid.
47
What is inflation?
An increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money
48
What was the Tariff of Abominations?
A 1828 tariff that raised the price of imported goods
## Footnote
Caused outrage among Southerners who felt economically oppressed.
49
What did John C. Calhoun propose as a response to the Tariff of Abominations?
The Doctrine of Nullification
## Footnote
Suggested that a state could void a federal law within its borders.
50
What was the Webster-Hayne Debate about?
The doctrine of states' rights/nullification
## Footnote
Daniel Webster argued against nullification, while Robert Hayne argued for it.
51
Who was James K. Polk?
U.S. president during the Mexican-American War
## Footnote
Sent troops to the Rio Grande after Texas was annexed.
52
What is Manifest Destiny?
The belief that westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean was inevitable
## Footnote
Coined by journalist John O'Sullivan.
53
What was agreed to split at the 49* parallel?
The Oregon Territory between the U.S. and Great Britain
## Footnote
This agreement avoided war over the territorial claims.
54
What is the Mexican Cession?
A large area of land received by the U.S. as a result of the Mexican War, including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado
## Footnote
This area significantly expanded U.S. territory.
55
What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo accomplish?
It ended the Mexican War and gave the Mexican Cession to the U.S.
## Footnote
This treaty was signed in 1848.
56
What was the purpose of the Gadsden Purchase?
To buy land from Mexico to build a transcontinental railroad
## Footnote
This completed the continental United States.
57
What sparked the California Gold Rush?
Gold was discovered in California
## Footnote
Thousands, including many Chinese immigrants, rushed to California in 1849.
58
What is a '49er'?
A miner who went to California to take part in the gold rush in 1849
## Footnote
This term refers to the influx of miners during that year.
59
What themes emerged in American art and literature in the 1830s and 1840s?
Depiction of nature and the American landscape, celebration of American history, and use of American slang and spelling
## Footnote
Artists from the Hudson River School were influential during this period.
60
What is Transcendentalism?
A new American philosophy emphasizing the spiritual world over the material world
## Footnote
Key figures include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
61
Who were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau?
American writers associated with Transcendentalism
## Footnote
They believed in finding truth through feeling and intuition.
62
What is civil disobedience?
The act of peacefully refusing to obey laws considered unjust
## Footnote
Thoreau advocated for this approach against slavery and the war with Mexico.
63
What was the goal of the abolition movement?
To end slavery in the United States
## Footnote
By 1804, most Northern states had outlawed slavery.
64
Who was Frederick Douglass?
A former slave who became famous for his eloquent anti-slavery speeches
## Footnote
His autobiography was a landmark achievement in the abolition movement.
65
Who was Sojourner Truth?
A former slave known for her powerful anti-slavery speeches
## Footnote
She drew large crowds in the North.
66
What was The Liberator?
An anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison
## Footnote
It played a significant role in the abolition movement.
67
What was the Underground Railroad?
A series of escape routes to help slaves travel from the South to the North
## Footnote
Harriet Tubman was a notable conductor on this route.
68
What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
The first women's rights convention in America
## Footnote
Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
69
What were the goals of the temperance movement?
To limit or ban the drinking of alcohol
## Footnote
This was part of a larger series of reform movements.
70
Who was Horace Mann?
A leader in the education reform movement
## Footnote
He advocated for more public high schools.
71
What were the objectives of the workers' rights movement?
To form unions, demand higher wages, and improve working conditions
## Footnote
This was a response to the industrialization of the North.
72
Who was Dorthea Dix?
A leader advocating for the mentally ill
## Footnote
She worked to remove mentally ill individuals from prisons and establish hospitals.
73
What characterized the Northern economy in the 19th century?
It was based on manufacturing and commerce
## Footnote
The North experienced industrialization due to proximity to ports and rivers.
74
What was the basis of the Southern economy?
Agriculture/plantation farming
## Footnote
The Southern economy was heavily reliant on agriculture due to its warm climate and fertile soil.
75
What did the Compromise of 1850 establish regarding California?
California would enter the Union as a free state
## Footnote
This was one of the key provisions of the Compromise of 1850.
76
What was banned in Washington, D.C. as part of the Compromise of 1850?
The slave trade
## Footnote
This provision was aimed at appeasing anti-slavery sentiments.
77
What did the Fugitive Slave Act do?
Helped slave owners capture runaway slaves
## Footnote
It was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 to satisfy Southern interests.
78
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
A law that allowed the issue of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska to be decided by popular sovereignty
## Footnote
This act effectively overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
79
What nickname was given to Kansas during the 1850s?
Bleeding Kansas
## Footnote
This name reflected the violent conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.
80
Who was John Brown?
A radical abolitionist involved in violent actions against pro-slavery supporters
## Footnote
He was executed after attempting to capture a federal arsenal, which incited outrage in the North.
81
What was the outcome of Dred Scott vs. Sanford?
The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott, stating that slaves are property, not citizens
## Footnote
This ruling emphasized that Congress could not ban slavery in territories.
82
What was Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
He would not ban slavery where it already existed but opposed its spread into the territories
## Footnote
This stance highlighted Lincoln's moderate approach towards slavery.
83
What was Stephen A. Douglas' position on slavery during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
Slavery in the territories should be decided by popular sovereignty
## Footnote
Douglas advocated for letting the people vote on the issue.
84
What was the dominant issue in the presidential election of 1860?
Slavery
## Footnote
Abraham Lincoln won the election amid tensions surrounding this issue.
85
What was the Southern response to the 1860 election results?
They believed Lincoln would outlaw slavery and began secession
## Footnote
South Carolina was the first state to secede, leading to the formation of the Confederate States of America.
86
What was the main goal stated in Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address?
To preserve the Union
## Footnote
Lincoln emphasized unity and reassured that he did not intend to abolish slavery where it existed.
87
What event marked the first shots of the Civil War?
The firing on Fort Sumter
## Footnote
This occurred when Confederates attacked the fort as Lincoln attempted to resupply it.
88
What was the Anaconda Plan?
The North's strategy to blockade the South's economy and control the Mississippi River
## Footnote
This plan aimed to divide the Confederacy and restrict its resources.
89
What was the Southern strategy during the Civil War?
Defense and 'Cotton Diplomacy'
## Footnote
The South aimed to withhold cotton from Europe to gain allies, which ultimately failed.
90
What were the Northern advantages in the Civil War?
* Over double the population
* 85% of the factories
* Double the railroad lines
* Most of the naval power & shipyards
* Abraham Lincoln as leader
## Footnote
Key factors contributing to the North's ability to sustain a prolonged conflict.
91
What were the Southern advantages in the Civil War?
* Excellent generals, such as Robert E. Lee
* Advantage of fighting a defensive war
* Knowledge of the territory
* Access to supplies
* Motivation to fight for their homes
## Footnote
These advantages provided the South with a strategic edge despite their resource limitations.
92
What were ironclads and their significance?
Warships covered with iron that changed naval warfare.
## Footnote
Their use represented a technological advancement in military ships during the Civil War.
93
What effect did minie balls have on the Civil War?
Contributed to a high casualty rate due to their accuracy and range.
## Footnote
The introduction of rifled muskets using minie balls significantly increased lethality on the battlefield.
94
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
Issued by Lincoln to free slaves in rebellion states and shift the war's focus to abolition.
## Footnote
It was a military act aimed at weakening the Confederacy and changing the moral stakes of the war.
95
Why was the Emancipation Proclamation considered constitutional?
Lincoln issued it as a military act under his powers as Commander-in-Chief.
## Footnote
The Constitution grants the president authority to act in matters of national defense.
96
Define conscription.
Military draft; required military service.
97
How did Lincoln handle Northern opposition?
Arrested war protestors and suspended the writ of habeas corpus.
## Footnote
This controversial action was criticized as unconstitutional by opponents.
98
How did the North finance the Civil War?
* Issued greenbacks (new paper currency)
* Started an income tax
## Footnote
These financial strategies were crucial for sustaining the war effort.
99
What was significant about the Battle of Antietam?
The bloodiest single day in US history with the most casualties.
## Footnote
It marked the first time Lee invaded the North and led to significant leadership changes in the Union army.
100
What was the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg?
Union victory after three days, considered a turning point of the war.
## Footnote
Lee lost about one-third of his army, which severely weakened the Confederate forces.
101
What themes did Lincoln address in the Gettysburg Address?
* Foundational principles of liberty and equality
* The survival of a nation founded on freedom and equality
## Footnote
Lincoln emphasized the importance of national unity and the principles of democracy.
102
Who was William T. Sherman?
Union general known for carrying out total war in the Deep South.
## Footnote
His strategy included destroying resources and infrastructure to diminish the Confederacy's ability to fight.
103
Who was Robert E. Lee?
Commander of Confederate troops; defended Virginia.
## Footnote
Lee is often recognized for his military leadership and tactical prowess during the war.
104
Who was Jefferson Davis?
President of the Confederate States of America.
105
Who was Ulysses S. Grant?
Union General who secured the Mississippi River and led Union troops after Vicksburg.
## Footnote
He became the commander of all Union forces due to his military success.
106
What happened at Appomattox Court House?
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865.
107
What was Reconstruction?
The process used by the federal government to readmit Confederate states from 1865-1877.
108
What did the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 entail?
* Divided the South into 5 military districts
* Required new state constitutions granting voting rights to ALL men
* Ratification of the 14th Amendment
## Footnote
These acts aimed to restructure the Southern states politically and socially after the war.
109
Who was President Andrew Johnson?
President after Lincoln; impeached for violating the Tenure in Office Act.
## Footnote
He was acquitted in his impeachment trial and remained in office.
110
Who were the Radical Republicans?
Members of Congress who wanted the federal government to play an active role in remaking Southern politics and society
## Footnote
They advocated for full and equal citizenship for African Americans and political equality for all citizens.
111
What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?
Abolished slavery in the United States
112
What did the 14th Amendment grant?
Citizenship to all people born in the U.S.
113
What is the significance of the 15th Amendment?
Said that voting rights could not be denied on the basis of race
114
True or False: The South continued to limit African Americans' right to vote after the 15th Amendment.
True
## Footnote
They did this by passing laws that allowed states to deny blacks the right to vote based on factors other than race, such as literacy tests and poll taxes.
115
Who was President after Andrew Johnson?
Ulysses S. Grant
116
What did Ulysses S. Grant urge Congress to pass?
An anti-KKK bill
117
What issues weakened the Republican Party during Grant's presidency?
Corruption charges against his advisors and a financial panic in 1873
118
What was the goal of the KKK?
To restore Democratic control of the South and keep former slaves powerless
119
Fill in the blank: The KKK attacked African Americans through _______.
Beating people, burning homes, and lynching
120
What were Jim Crow laws?
Laws that allowed for segregation in public places in the South
121
What was the Compromise of 1877?
An agreement that ended Reconstruction following the contested presidential election of 1876
122
List the three key points of the Compromise of 1877.
* All remaining federal troops would be removed from the South
* The federal government would give funding for internal improvements in the South
* Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet
123
What is sharecropping?
An agricultural system that left most sharecroppers in a cycle of debt
124
What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
To assist former slaves, including the establishment of schools in the South
125
Who was Hiram Rhodes Revels?
The first African-American to serve in the United States Congress
